GEO451 Midterm
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| planning-Levy | plan (v): effort to define systematically and think through problems to improve the quality of decision making
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| planning- randolph | planning is figuring out what needs to be done and how to do it. it is the process of applying knowledge to action or basic problem solving
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| planning-cullingworth | planning is a purposive process in which goals are set, and policies elaborated to implement them
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| why do we need to plan? | - interconnectedness—everything is linked to everything else
- complexity—surpass individual comprehension/management
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| land use | management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as settlements and semi-natural habitats such as arable fields, pastures, and managed woods
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| what do planners do (in growing community) | - shape pattern of growth
- separate incompatible land uses and activities
- locate public facilities
- economic development
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| what do planners do (in a community that isn't growing) | - preserve historic buildings
- improve streets
- provide housing for low income residents
- fix problems from previous plans (or lack of)
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| who are planners | part-time board; small/large planning departments, professional organizations
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| what skills do planners have | political smarts, good communication, patience
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| rationalism | (high, high)
- analyze system and problems
- layout alternative solutions
- evaluate possible consequences of ea. solution
- recommend best alternative
- implementation
- pros: research based; theory
- cons: use lots of resources; impractical
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| methodism | - (low clarity of ends, high clarity of means/process)
- "plan as blueprint"
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| utopianism | - (high clarity of ends, low clarity of means)
- “plan as vision”
- kindle community’s imagination
- ideas meant to reinvent city
- rdg: bernum—chicago “make no little plans"
- pro: public awareness
- cons: public awareness
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| incrementalism | low, low
- rdg: no policy is perfect so tweak, wait, tweak, wait—muddle through
- pros: cost effective, less opportunity to make massive harm, focus on smaller stakeholder groups with each tweak
- cons: slow process; use current policy; reactionary
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| elements that indicate a city | - lots of land, low populations,
- land granted by sovereignty, autonomous municipalities, limited govt. resources,
- development controlled by grantee
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| census definition of "urban" | 50,000 or more people
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| spanish | (saint augustine, santa fe)
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| french | quebec, new orleans)
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| dutch | hudson valley, new amsterdam)
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| english | boston, philadelphia, savannah)
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| legacy of early planning attempts on planning today | “..common desire for openness observed was easily achievable because American cities lack walls.”-focus on the home
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| forces behind urban growth | - mercantile to industrial city
- econ. transformation—artisan to industrial production
- social change—rapid immigration
- transportation innovation
- changing urban structure—functional segregation; congestion
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| urban US history explains modern planning.... | urban squalor--NY tenement acts, sanitary reform, public water supplies, public parks
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| people who had influence on urban planning as practice | Olmstead, Pullman, Owen, howard, Olmstead jr., Burnham, Bennett
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| CP process | mapping, visioning, goals/objectives, needs analysis, alternative scenarios, plan and policies development, implementations, continue planning
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| why is "comprehensive " in the name? | geographical coverage, subject matter, time horizon
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| elements of a CP | population, land use, housing, circulation/transportation, econ development, natural resources, cultural/historical resources
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| advantages of CP | rational, legally sustainable
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| legal basis for planning | law defines procedures, much of planning is administering laws, constitutional framework (5, 14)
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| key legal issues | due process, "takings," exactions
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| who | stakeholders
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| what | what are you trying to do
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| when | when will you hold public involvement sessions?
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| where | where will you hold these
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| why | why involve the public? gain support, counter opposition from start
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| how? | charrettes, delphi process, fish bowls, participatory land use mapping, nominal group process
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| why is public involvement necessary for cp? | gain support, deal with opposition
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| examples of public participation techniques | charrettes, delphi process, fish bowls, participatory land use mapping, nominal group process
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| sittable space | - flexible space for people to to sit in the front/back/sides of the space
- provide movable seating
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| streets | bring people to the plaza, surround the plaza, etc.
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| sun | when comfortable temperature, people want to sit in the sun
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| water | people like the look/sound/feeling of water—should be touchable
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| trees | gives people chance to see some kind of nature, sit under them to escape the sun when it’s hot, gives them sense of privacy/security despite being in a very public space
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| food | can be initial draw to the area, and the people who were drawn by the food will be a draw to more and more people
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| triangulation | external stimulus provides social bond between people—something in the area will cause strangers to talk
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| example of research on urban design at the site level | team of planners looked at why ppl were attracted to the plaza studied and not to others
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| cases in your experience that affirms | - i like sitting in the sun, but also having things like trees to escape from it when it is too warm
- it’s nice to be around water when enjoying time outside
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| cases in your experience that refutes | i like secluded areas away from streets and the noise of vehicle traffic, but can understand why streets are so important to plazas in the middle of a city
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| what data collection methods did Whyte use? | - direct observation
- time lapse videos
- interview
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