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Review of all the terms in the Rubenstein school book.

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
        Help!  

Question
Answer
Chapter
Page number
Basic Industries   Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement.   12   p425  
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Business Services   Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses.   12   p406  
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Central Place   A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area.   12   p412  
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Central Place Theory   A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlement serve as centers of market areas for services;   12   p412  
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Central Business District (CBD)   The area of where retail and office activities are clustered.   12   p427  
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City-State   A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland.   8 and 12   p267 and p419  
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Clustered Rural Settlement   A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.   12   p409  
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Consumer Services   Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and personal services.   12   p405  
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Dispersed Rural Settlement   A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.   12   p409  
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Economic Base   A community's collection of basic industries.   12   p425  
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Enclosure Movement   The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in england during the eighteenth century.   12   p412  
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Gravity Model   A Model that holds that potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.   12   p416  
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Market area (or Hinterland)   The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services.   12   p412  
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Nonbasic Industries   Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers int the community.   12   p406  
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Personal Services   Services that provide for the well-being and personal improvement of individual consumers.   12   p406  
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Primate City   The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.   12   p418  
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Primate City Rule   A pattern of settlements In a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.   12   p418  
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Producer Services   Services that primarily help people conduct business.   12   p406  
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Public Services   Services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses.   12   p406  
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Range (of a Service)   The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.   12   p413  
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Other characteristics of Central place   Larger settlements are fewer and farther apart then smaller settlements and provide services for larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.      
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Acid Deposition   Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides,emitted by burning fossil fuels, enter the atmosphere-where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid-and retrun to Earth's surface.   14   p491  
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Acid precipitation   Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog.   14   p491  
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Active solar energy systems   Solar energy system that collects energy through the use of mechanical devices like photovoltaic cells or flat-plate collectors.   14   p498  
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Agribusiness   Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.   10   p338  
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Agriculture density   The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.   2   p52  
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Agricultural revolution   The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.   2   p59  
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Agriculture   The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.   10   p333  
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Air pollution   Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particules, at greater level than occurs in average air.   14   p490  
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Animate power   Power supplied by people or animals.   14   p475  
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Animism   Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.   6   p194  
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Annexation   Legally adding land area to a city in the United States.   13   p458  
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Apartheid   Laws in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.   7   P235  
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Arithmetic Density   The total number of people divided by the total land area.   2   p51  
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Autonomous religion   A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperate informally.   6   p212  
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Balance of power   Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.   8   p282  
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Balkanization   Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.   7   P255  
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Balkanized   A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into ne or more stable states because it was inhabited by may ethnicities with complex, Long-standing antagonisms toward each other.   7   P255  
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Base Line   An east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.   1   p12  
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Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD)   Amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution.   14   p496  
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Biodiversity   The number of species within a specific habitat.   14   p504  
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Biomass Fuel   Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste.   14   p475  
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Blockbusting   A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood.   7   P235  
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Settlement   A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants.   12   p405  
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boundary   Invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory.   8   p270  
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Threshold   The minimum number of people needed to support the service.   12   p413  
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Brain Drain   Large-scale emigration by talented people.   3   p99  
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Transportation and Information services   Services that diffuse and distribute services.   12   p406  
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Branch(of a religion)   A large and fundamental division within a religion.   6   p187  
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Break-of-bulk point   A location where transfer is possible from one form of transportation to another.   11   P387  
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Breeder reactor   A nuclear power plant that creates its own fuel from plutonium.   14   p485  
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British Received Pronunciation (BRP)   The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area and now considered standard in the United Kingdom.   5   P152  
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Bulk-gaining industry   An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.   11   P383  
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Bulk-reducing industry   An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.   11   P381  
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Cartography   The science of making maps.   1   p6  
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Caste   The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law.   6   P213  
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Census tract   An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.   13   p446  
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Census   A complete enumeration of the population.   2   p65  
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Centripetal Force   A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted form the surrounding area.   7   P239  
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Cereal Grain   A grass yielding grain for food.   10   p347  
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Chaff   Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing.   10   345  
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Chain Migration   Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.   3   p98  
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Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)   A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers.   14   p491  
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Circulation   Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.   3   p85  
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Colonialism   Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.   8   p268  
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Colony   A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent.   8   p267  
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Combine   A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field.   10   p350  
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Commercial agriculture   Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.   10   p335  
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Compact state   A state in which the distance form the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.   8   p271  
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Concentration   The spread of something over a given area.   1   p34  
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Concentric zone model   A model of the internal structure of of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.   13   p445  
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Connections   Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.   1   p5  
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Conservation   The sustainable use and management of a natural resource, through consuming at a less rapid rate than it can be replaced.   14   p503  
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Contagious Diffusion   The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.   1   p40  
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Cosmogony   A set of religions beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.   6   P204  
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Cottage industry   Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.   11   P371  
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Council of Government   A cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the U.S.   13   p467  
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Counterurbanization   Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.   3   p109  
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Creole or Creolized language   A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.   5   P162  
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Crop rotation   The practice of rotating use of different fields from crops to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.   10   p346  
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Crop   Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season.   10   p333  
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Crude Birth Rate (CBR)   The total number of of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.   2   p53  
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crude death Rate   The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.   2   p53  
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Cultural ecology   Geographers approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.   1   p25  
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Cultural landscape   Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group.   1   p20  
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Culture   The body of customary beliefs, social force, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct tradition.   1   p24  
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Custom   The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.   4   P117  
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Demographic transition   The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase rate to a condition of low rude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.   2   p58  
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Demography   The scientific study of population characteristics.   2   P47  
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Denomination   A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body.   6   P187  
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Density   The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.   1   p34  
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Density gradient   The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.   13   p460  
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Dependency ratio   The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force.   2   p62  
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Desertification   Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.   10   p359  
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Development   A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.   9   p299  
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Dialect   A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.   5   p152  
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Diffusion   The process of spread of a feature or trend form one place to another over time.   1   p38  
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Diocese   The basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church.   6   P211  
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Distance decay   The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance form its origin.   1   p37  
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Distribution   The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.   1   p34  
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Double Cropping   Harvesting twice a year from the same field.   10   p345  
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Doubling time   The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.   2   p54  
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Ebonics   Dialect spoken by some African-Americans   5   p176  
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Ecumene   The portion of the Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.   2   p50  
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Elongated state   A state with a long, narrow shape.   8   p272  
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Emigration   Migration form a location.   3   p85  
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Edge City   A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.   13   p460  
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Environmental Determinism   A nineteenth-and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general law sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences.   1   p25  
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Epidemiological transition   Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.   2   p72  
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Epidemiology   Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.   2   p72  
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Ethnic cleansing   Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.   7   P250  
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Ethnic Religion   A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.   6   P212  
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Ethnicity   Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.   7   P227  
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Expansion Diffusion   The spread of a feature or trend among people form one area to another in a snowballing process.   1   `p38  
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Extinct Language   A language that was once used by people in daily activities but no longer used.   5   p171  
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Federal state   An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.   8   p278  
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Ferrous   Metals, including iron ore, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel.   14   p487  
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Filtering   A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment.   13   p455  
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Fission   The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy.   14   p483  
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Floodplain   The area subject to folding during a given number of years according to historical trends.   3   p87  
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Folk culture   Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.   4   P117  
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Forced migration   Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors.   3   p88  
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Fordist production   Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to preform repeatedly.   11   P392  
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Formal Region   Formal region an area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.   1   p20  
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Fossil fuel   Energy source formed form the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.   14   p476  
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Fragmented state   A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.   8   p273  
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Franglais   A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language, a combination of Francaise and Anglais, the French words for "French" and "English" respectively.   5   p177  
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Frontier   A zone separating two states in which neither state exercise political control.   8   p275  
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Functional region   An area organized around a node or focal point.   1   p22  
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Fundamentalism   Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion.   6   P212  
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Fusion   Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to from helium.   14   p499  
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Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)   Compares the ability of woman and men to participate in economic and political decision making.   9   p315  
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Gender-related Development Index (GDI)   Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes.   9   p315  
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Gentrification   A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-ocupied area.   13   p456  
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Geothermal energy   Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks.   14   p499  
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Gerrymandering   Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.   8   p280  
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Ghetto   During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to donate a section of a city in which members of an minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.   6   201  
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GIS   A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.   1   p14  
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Globalization   Actions or process that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.   1   p31  
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Global Positioning System (GPS)   A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.   1   p14  
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Grain   Seed of a cereal grass.   10   p350  
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Green revolution   Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.   10   p360  
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Greenbelt   A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.   13   p461  
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Greenhouse effect   Anticipated increase in Earth's temperature, caused by carbon dioxide, trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface.   14   p490  
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Greenwich mean time   The time in that zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0 degrease longitude.   1   p19  
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP)   The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period.   9   p300  
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Guest Workers   Workers who migrated to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe,usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher paying jobs.   3   p99  
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Habit   A repetitive act performed by a particular individual.   4   P117  
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Hearth   The region from which innovative ideas originate.   1   p38  
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Hierarchical Diffusion   The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places.   1   p39  
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Hierarchical Religion   A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control.   6   P211  
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Horticulture   The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.   10   p354  
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Hull   The outer covering of a seed.   10   p345  
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Human Development Index (HDI)   Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.   9   p299  
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Hydroelectric power   Power generated from moving water.   14   p499  
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Ideograms   The system of writing used in China and other East Asia countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English.   5   p168  
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Immigration   Migration to a new location.   3   p85  
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Imperialism   Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society.   8   p268  
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Inanimate power   Power supplied by machines.   14   p475  
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Industrial Revolution   A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.   2 and 11   p59 and p371  
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Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)   The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.   2   p55  
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Intensive Subsistence Agriculture   A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.   10   p345  
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Internal migration   Permanent movement within a particular country.   3   p88  
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International Date Line   An arc that for the most part follows 180 degrease longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas.   1   P20  
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International Migration   Permanent movement from one country to another.   3   p88  
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Interregional Migration   Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.   3   p88  
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Intervening Obstacle   An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.   3   P88  
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Intraregional migration   Permanent movement within one region of a country.   3   P88  
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Isoglass   A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.   5   p155  
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Isolated language   A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to and language family.   5   p175  
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Labor-intensive industry   An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.   11   p388  
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Landlocked state   A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.   8   p274  
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Land ordinance of 1785   A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.   1   P12  
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Language   A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.   5   p149  
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Language Branch   A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago.   5   p156  
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Language Family   A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.   5   p156  
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Language Group   A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammer and vocabulary.   5   p157  
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Latitude   The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator.   1   P18  
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Less Developed country (LDC)   Also known as a developing country, a country that is at a relatively early stage in process of economic development.   9   p299  
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Life Expectancy   The average number of years an individual can be expected to live.   2   p57  
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Lingua Franca   A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.   5   p176  
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Literacy rate   The percentage of a country's people who can read and write.   9   p303  
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Literary tradition   A language that is written as well as spoken.   5   p149  
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Location   The position of anything on Earth's surface.   1   P15  
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Longitude   The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime maridian.   1   P18  
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Map   A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it.   1   P5  
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Maquiladora   Factories built by U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.   11   p370  
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Medical Revolution   Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa.   2   p60  
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Mental Map   An internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located.   1   P22  
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Meridian   An arc drawn on a map between the North and South Poles.   1   P18  
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Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)   In the U.S., a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.   13   p442  
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Micropolitan Statistical area   An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city.   13   p443  
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Microstate   A state that encompasses a very small area.   8   p266  
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Migration   Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.   3   P85  
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Migration transition   Change in the migration pattern in a society that results form industrilzation, poupulatoin growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.   3   P89  
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Milkshed   The are surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.   10   p349  
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Missionary   An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion.   6   P197  
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Mobility   All types of movement form one location to another.   3   P89  
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Monotheism   The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god.   6   P194  
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More Developed Country   Also known as a relatively developed country or a developed country or a developed country, a country that has progressed relatively far along a contnuum of development.   9   p299  
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Multi-ethnic state   State that contains more than one ethnicity.   7   P239  
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Multinational State   State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.   7   P239  
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Multiple nucei model   A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.   13   p446  
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Nationalism   Loyalty and devotion to a paticular nationality.   7   P238  
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Nationality   Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal alleginace to a particular plcae as a result of being born there.   7   P237  
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Nation-state   A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.   7   P237  
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Natural increase rate (NIR)   The percentage groth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.   2   P53  
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Net Migration   The ddifference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.   3   p85  
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New international division of labor   Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.   11   p398  
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Nonferrous   Metals utilized to make products other than iron and steel.   14   p487  
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Nonrenewable energy   A source of energy that is a finite supply capable o being exhausted.   14   p476  
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Official Language   The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of buisness and publication of documents.   5   p149  
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Overpopulation   The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the encironment to support life at a decent standard of living.   2   p47  
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Ozone   A gas that absorbs ultaviolet solar radiation, found in the stratosphere, a zone between 15 and 50 kilograms (9 to 30 miles) above the earth's surface.   14   p491  
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Paddy   Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah.   10   p345  
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Pagan   A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times.   6   P197  
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Pandemic   Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very hich proportion of population.   2   p72  
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Parallel   A circle drawn around the globe parallel to equator and at right angles to the meridians.   1   P18  
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Pasive solar energy systems   Solar energy system that collects energy without the use of mechanical decivices.   14   p498  
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Pastrol Nomadism   A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.   10   p343  
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Pasture   Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing.   10   p344  
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Pattern   The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.   1   P35  
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Perforated state   A state that completely surrounds another one.   8   p274  
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Peripheral Model   A model of North America urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.   13   p459  
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Photochemical Smog   An atmospheric conditoin formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions.   14   p493  
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Photovolatic cell   Solar energy cells, usually made from silicon, that collect solar rays to gererate electricity.   14   p498  
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Physiological density   The number of people per unit of area or arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.   1 and 2   P34 p52  
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Pidgin language   A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.   5   p176  
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Pilgrimage   A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.   6   p201  
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Place   A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.   1   P5  
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Plantation   A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.   10   p355  
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Polder   Land created by the Dutch By draining water from an area.   1   P28  
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Pollution   Addition of more waste tan a resource can accommodate.   14   p489  
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Polytheism   Belief in or worship of more than one god.   6   p194  
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Popular culture   Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.   4   p117  
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Population Pyrimid   A bar graph representing the distirbution of population by age and sex.   2   p62  
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Possibilism   The theory that the physical encironment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.   1   P26  
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Post-fordist production   Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.   11   p392  
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Potential reserve   The amount of energy in deposits not yet identified byt thought to exist.   14   p477  
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Preservation   Maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with little human impact as possible.   14   p503  
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Primary Sector   The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extration of materials form earth's surface, generally through agriculture although sometimes by mining, and fishing, and forestry.   9   p300  
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Prime Agricultrual land   The most produtive farmland.   10   p338  
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Prime Maridian   The meridian, designated as 0 degrees longitude, which passes through the Royal Obserbvation at Greenwich, England.   1   P18  
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Principal Maridian   A norh-south line desiganted in the Land ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the U.S.   1   P12  
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Productivity   The value of a particualr product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.   9   p302  
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Projection   The system used to transfer locations form Earth's surface to a flat map.   1   P12  
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Prorupted State   An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension.   8   p271  
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Proven reserve   The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits.   14   p476  
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Public Housing   Housing owned by the government, in the U.S. it is rented to low-income residents, and the rents are set 30 percent of the families' income.   13   p445  
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Pull factors   Factors that induce people to move to a new location.   3   P85  
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Push factors   Factors that induce people to leave old resiences.   3   P85  
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Quota   In reference to migration, a law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year.   3   P99  
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Race   Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.   7   p237  
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Racism   Belief that the race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.   7   p233  
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Racist   A person who subsrcibes to the beliefs of racism.   7   p233  
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Radioactive waste   Particals from a nuclear reaction that emit radiatioin; contact with such particles may be harmful or lethal to people and must therefore by safely stored for thousands of years.   14   p483  
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Ranching   A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.   10   p351  
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Rank-size rule   A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largst settlement is 1.n the population of the largest settlement.   12   p416  
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Reaper   A machine that cuts grain standing in the field.   10   p350  
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Recycling   The separation, collection, processing, marketing and reuse of unwanted material.   14   p500  
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Redlining   A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.   13   p455  
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Refugees   People who are forced to migrate from their hime country and connot return for fear of persucution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.   3   P86  
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Region   An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.   1   P5  
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Regional studies   An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationship among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area.   1   P20  
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Relocation diffusion   The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from on place to another.   1   P38  
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Remote sensing   The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other ong distance.   1   P14  
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Renewable energy   A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans.   14   p476  
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Resource   A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.   1 and 14   p26 and 475  
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Retail services   Services that provide goods for sale to consumers.   12   p405  
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Ridge tillage   System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.   10   p357  
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Right-to-work state   A U.S. state has passed a law preventing a union and company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment.   11   p377  
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Rush Hour   The four consecutive 15-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic.   13   p463  
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Sanitary landfill   A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and discourage vermin.   14   p497  
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Sawah   A flooded field for growing rice.   10   p345  
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Scale   Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.   1   P10  
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Secondary sector   The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.   9   p300  
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Sect   A relatively small group that has broken away from an establised denmination.   6   p187  
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Section   A square normally 1 mile on a side. The land Ordinance of 1785 divided twonships in the U.S. into 36 sections.   1   p12  
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Sector Model   A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district.   13   p446  
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Seed Agriculture   Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which results from sexual fertiliztation.   10   p334  
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Self-determination   Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.   7   p237  
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Service   Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it.   12   p405  
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Sex Ratio   The number of males per 100 females in the population.   2   p62  
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Sharecropper   A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays ther rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.   7   p231  
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Shifiting cultivation   A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activily from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.   10   p339  
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Site   The physical character of a place.   1   p16  
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Site factors   Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital.   11   p381  
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Situation   The location of a place relative to other places.   1   p16  
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Situation factors   Location factors related to the transportaion of materials into and from a factory.   11   p381  
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Slash-and-burn agricultrue   Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.   10   p339  
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Solstice   Time when the sun is farthes from the equator.   6   p206  
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Sovereignty   Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.   8   p263  
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space   The physical gap or interval between two objects.   1   p5  
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Space-time comperssion   The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.   1   p36  
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Spanglish   Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hidpanic-Americans.   5   p179  
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Sprawl   Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.   13   p460  
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Spring Wheat   Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer.   10   p350  
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Squatter settlement   An area within the city in a less developed country in which people are illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.   13   p454  
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Standard Language   The form of a language used for official gorvernment business, education, and mass communications.   5   p152  
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State   An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs.   8   p263  
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Stimulus Diffusion   The spread o fan underlying principle even though a specific characteristic is rejected.   1   p40  
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Structural adjustment program   Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencecies to create conditions encouraging internantional trade.   9   p325  
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Subsistence agriculture   Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumtion by the farmer and the farmer's family.   10   p335  
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Sustainable agriculture   Farming methods that preserve long term prductivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides.   10   p357  
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Sustainable Development   The level of development that can be maintained in a country without depleting resources to the extent that future gererations will be unable to achieve a comparable level of development.   14   p503  
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Swidden   A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.   10   p341  
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Taboo   A retriction on behavior imposed by social customs.   4   P125  
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Tertiary sector   The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.   9   p301  
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Textile   A fabric made by weaving used in making clothing.   11   373  
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Thresh   To beat out grain from stalks by trampling it.   10   P345  
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Toponym   The name given to a portion of Earth's surface.   1   p15  
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Total Fertitity Rate (TFR)   The average number of childern a women will have throughout her childbearing years.   2   p55  
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Township   A square normally 6 miles on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the U.S. into a series of townships.   1   p12  
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Trading Bloc   A group of neighboring countries that promote trade with each other and erect barriers to limit trade with other blocs.   11   p396  
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Transhumance   The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.   10   P344  
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Transnational corporation   A company that conducts research, operates factroies, and sell products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholder are located.   1   p31  
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Triangular slave trade   A parctice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.   7   p230  
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Truck farming   Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.   10   P355  
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Underclass   A group in society pervented from participating in the material benifits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and econmic characteristics.   13   p456  
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Undocumented immigrants   People who enter a country without proper documents.   3   P96  
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Uneven Development   The increasing gap in economic conditions between core peripheral regions as a result of the globaliztion of the economy.   1   p40  
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Unitary State   An internal organization of a state that places most of the power in the hands of the central government.   8   p278  
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Universalizing religion   A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular area.   6   P187  
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Urban Renewal   Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocate the residents and buinesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.   13   p455  
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Urbanization   An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.   13   p439  
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Urbanized area   In the U.S., a central city plus its contigous built-up suburbs.   13   p441  
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Value Added   The gross value of the product minus the cost of raw materials and energy.   9   p302  
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Vegetative planting   Reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants.   10   P334  
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Vernacular region   An area that people believe to exist as part of thier cultural identity.   1   p22  
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Voluntary migration   Permanent movement undertaken by choice.   3   P88  
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Vulgar Latin   A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for offical documents.   5   p161  
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Wet Rice   Rice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.   10   P345  
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Winnow   To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind.   10   P345  
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Winter Weat   Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the early summer.   10   P350  
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Zero Population growth (ZPG)   A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.   2   p60  
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Zoning ordinance   A law that limits the permidded uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.   13   p462  
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Smart growth   Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.   13   p467  
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