Rocks and Topography
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| contour interval | the change in elevation from one contour line to the next
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| contour line | connects points of equal elevation and describes the shape of the landscape
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| index contour | usually the fifth contour line is darker or highlighted to provide a quick reference guide for elevation changes; marked w/ elevations to allow users to quickly determine specific elevations of contour lines
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| meaning of "topo" | place
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| meaning of "graphos" | drawn or written
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| topography | represents the shape of the surface features; physical features such as mountains, hills, and valleys
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| topographic maps | way to represent 3D features of a landscape on a 2D surface
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| basaltic | dense, dark colored igneous rock formed from magma that is rich in magnesium and iron and poor in silica
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| cementation | sedimentary, rock forming process in which large sediments are held together by natural cements that are produced when water soaks through rock and soil
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| compaction | process that forms sedimentary rocks when layers of small sediments are compressed by the weight of the layers above them
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| extrusive | fine grained igneous rock that forms when magma cools quickly at or near Earth's surface
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| foliated | metamorphic rock such as slate and gneiss whose mineral grains flatten and line up in parallel layers
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| granitic | light colored silica rich igneous rock that is less dense than basaltic rock
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| igneous rock | intusive or extrusive rock formed when hot magma cools and hardens
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| intrusive | a type of igneous rock that generally contains large crystals and forms when magma cools slowly beneath Earth's surface
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| lava | thick, gooey, molten rock material flowing from volcanoes onto Earths's surface
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| metamorphic | forms when heat, pressure, or fluids act on igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rock and affect its form or composition, or both
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| nonfoliated | metamorphic rock such as quartzite and marble whose mineral grains grow and rearrange but do not form layers
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| rock | mixture of one or more minerals, volcanic glass, organic material, or other materials; can be igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary
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| rock cycle | model that describes how rocks slowly change from one form to another through time
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| sediment | loose materials, such as rock fragments, mineral grains, and the remains of once living plants and animals, that have been moved by wind, water, ice, or gravity
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| sedimentary rock | forms when sediments are compacted and cemented together or when minerals come out of solution or are left behind by evaporation
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| James Hutton | recognized the rock cycle in 1788 by observing Siccar Point, Scotland
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