Agriculture
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| Agriculture | Deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain
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| Crop | Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season.
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| Vegetative planting | Reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants (cutting stems & dividing roots)
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| Seed agriculture | Reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization
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| Subsistence agriculture | Production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family
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| Commercial agriculture | Production of food primarily for sale off the farm
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| Agribusiness | System of commercial farming found in the United States and other relatively developed countries
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| Prime agricultural land | The most productive farmland
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| Shifting cultivation | A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period
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| Slash-and-burn agriculture | When farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris
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| Swidden | A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning
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| Pastoral Nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals
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| Transhumance | Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas
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| Intensive subsistence agriculture | A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
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| Wet rice | The practice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth
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| Paddy | Malay word for wet rice, commonly used instead of Sawah
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| Sawah | Flooded field for growing rice
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| Chaff | Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing
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| Thresh | To beat out grain from stalks by trampling it
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| Winnow | To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind
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| Hull | The outer covering of a seed
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| Double cropping | The practice of harvesting twice a year from the same field
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| Crop rotation | Practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil
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| Cereal grain | Grass yielding grain for food
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| Milkshed | Area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
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| Grain | Seed of a cereal grain
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| Winter wheat | Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the early summer
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| Spring wheat | Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer
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| Reaper | Machine that cuts grain standing in the field
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| Combine | Machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field
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| Ranching | Form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area
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| Horticulture | Growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers
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| Truck farming | Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities
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| Plantation | Large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country
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| Sustainable agriculture | Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides
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| Ridge tillage | A system of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation
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| Desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting
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| Green revolution | Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers
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| Mixed crop and livestock farming | Integration of crops and livestock on the same farm
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| Von Thunen Model | Theory that a commercial farmer will decide which crops to grow and which livestock to raise depending on proximity to markets
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Created by:
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