Heme 2 -- Chapter 30 FINAL Review
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| Antiserum | Serum that contains antibodies to a specific antigen used to perform blood typing
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| Agglutination | Antigen-antibody reaction which involves clumping of cells due to the antibody attaching itself to the antigen
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| Blood urea nitrogen | Kidney function indicator test which measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood
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| Analyte | Any substance that is being chemically analyzed
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| Homeostasis | State of equilibrium within the body when the body systems are functioning normally
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| Lipoprotein | Simple protein, bound to fat, that transports lipids in the blood
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| Triglycerides | Fat found in the blood stream that is often stored as adipose tissue
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| Antibody | Particle produced in response to an antigen for the purpose of neutralizing or destroying that antigen
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| Bilirubin | Orange-yellow pigment produced from the breakdown of RBCs that is secreted in the bile
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| Cholesterol | Major component of bile made in the liver
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| Antigen | Substance that stimulates antibody production within the body
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| Hypoglycemia | Term for decrease in blood glucose levels
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| Hyperglycemia | Term for increase in blood glucose levels
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| Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) | Fraction of cholesterol that carries and deposits lipids in the arteries and other body tissues (BAD)
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| High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) | Good cholesterol
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| Human Chorionic Gonadotrpin (HCG) | Hormone produced by the placenta in pregnant females
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| FBS (test) | Normal value -- 70-110 mg/dL; diagnose and manage diabetes
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| BUN (test) | 8-25 mg/dL; evaluate kidney function
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| HbA1c (test) | 4.5-6.5; indicates blood glucose control over the past 3 months
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| Creatinine (test) | 0.4-1.5 mg/dL; renal function test
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| Total Cholesterol (test) | less than 200 mg/dL (same in men and women)
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| HDL (test) | Males: 37-70 mg/dL; Females: 40-85 mg/dL
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| LDL (test) | less than 130 mg/dL (same in men and women)
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| Triglycerides (test) | 20-180 mg/dL (same in men and women)
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| Tests used to determine risk for coronary artery disease | Total cholesterol; HDL; LDL and triglycerides
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| Three types of diabetes | Type 1 (diabetes mellitus); Type 2 (diabetes insipidous); Gestational diabetes
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| Type 1 (diabetes mellitus) | Juvenile onset usually diagnosed by age 25; insulin dependent since the body fails to produce any insulin on its own
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| Type 2 (diabetes insipidous) | Adult onset usually after age 40; often regulated by diet and exercise; may result in need for medicine to regulate since there is insulin resistance (tissues and cells reject body's own insulin)
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| Gestational diabetes | Begins during pregnancy during 2nd or 3rd trimester; usually subside after delivery but can be an indicator for type 2 diabetes later on in life
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| Three possible appearances of serum | Icteric; Lipemic and Hemolyzed
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| Icteric | Deep yellow-orange color due to presense of bilirubin
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| Lipemic | Milky/cloudy color due to presence of lipids (fats); could indicate coronary heart disease (CHD) or lipid metabolism disorder
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| Hemolyzed | Pink/red color due to processing errors, hemolytic disease or hemolysis (destruction of RBCs) has occured
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| Plasma | Liquid portion of whole blood minus formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, Thrombocytes)
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| Serum | Liquid portion of plasma once solutes (proteins, lipids, gases, glucose, electrolytes) have settled after centrifuging
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| Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) | Screening test for syphillis
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| In blood typing, if a patient's blood has a positive reaction (clumps) when Anti-B serum is added, what blood type is the patient? | Type B
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| If blood glucose test results are 140 mg/dL what is indicated? | Hyperglycemia since values are higher than normal range
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| What test should be performed regularly for a Pt on anticoagulant therapy (blood thinners)? | PT/INR
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| If hemostasis is disrupted what might occur? | Increase or decrease in related chemicals or hormones
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| What are necessary components of laboratory test methods? | Record keeping, QC and QA
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| What special procedures is required when drawing arterial blood gases? | Specimen must be put on ice
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| Three tests you would see in a hepatic profile | Total and direct bilirubin, ALT., AST.
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| What test would be used to determine the damage to muscle related to Pt with symptoms of MI and increased CPK? | CPK-MB
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| Before collecting a specimen for FBS (fasting blood sugar), what should you confirm first? | Pt has fasted for 8-12 hours otherwise test results will mean nothing
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| Before beginning GTT, the Pt should… | Eat diet high in carbs 3 days prior, fast and refrain from smoking after midnight prior to testing
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| When administering a glucose supplement during a GTT you should… | test fasting specimen prior to administering glucose supplement, chill glucose supplement and determine flavor preference
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| Symtoms of hypoglycemia | Headache, senseless speech, perspiration and irrational behavior
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| Possible condition related to decreased amylase (enzyme for breaking up carbs) | Cirrhosis
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| Tumor marker for colorectal cancer | CEA
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| Most common cause of peptic ulcers | Helicobacter pylori
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| What determines a persons blood type | Antigens
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| In blood typing, what reaction takes places when you combine antigen on red cells with antibody of test serum? | Agglutination -- clumping of red cells
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| A positive result of drug testing must be | Confirmed using more precise tests
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| Chain of custody | Ensures validity of a specimen for drug testing
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| Type A | Antigen "A"; Antibody "B"
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| Type B | Antigen "B"; Antibody "A"
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| Type AB | Antigen "A" & "B"; No Antibody present
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| Type O | No Antigens present; Both Antibody "A" & "B"
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