SS Finals
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| equator | line of latitude at 0 degrees; divides Northern and Southern hemisphere
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| prime meridian | line of longitude at 0 degrees; divides Eastern and Western hemispheres
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| latitude | imaginary lines that run horizontally, measured N or S from equator; degrees; comes first in locations (latitude, longitude)
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| longitude | imaginary lines that run vertically; measured E or W from prime meridian; degrees; comes second in location (latitude, longitude)
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| archaeologist | a scientist who hunts for evidence buried in the ground where settlements might once have been; studies artifacts and looks for fossils
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| artifact | a weapon, tool, or another thing made by humans
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| fossil | a trace of a plant and/or animal that has been preserved in a rock
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| anthropologist | a scientist who focus on human society, studies how human developed, and studies how humans related to one another
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| nomad | people who regularly move from place to place; traveled in bands of 30 or more members because it was safer and made the search for food easier
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| technology | and methods to help humans perform tasks; i.e. – fire, fishing tools, etc.
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| domesticate | to tame animals and/or plants for human use
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| Hammurabi | Babylonian ruler; conquered only city-states north and south, creating an empire; Code of Hammurabi written in 1750 B.C.
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| irrigation | a way of watering crops; building dams and channels to control the seasonal floods; building walls, waterways, and ditches to bring water to fields; allowed farmers to grow plenty of food and support a large population
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| city-state | a part of Sumer- one Sumerian city and the land around it; had its own government, (the government wasn’t part of any larger unit)
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| artisan | a skilled worker who made metal products, cloth or pottery
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| cuneiform | Sumerian writing; consisted of hundreds of wedge-shaped marks cut into damp clay tablets with a sharp-ended reed; developed to keep track of business deals and other events; written by scribes
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| scribe | record keepers; few boys (males) from wealthy families learned to write; they held honored positions in society, often going on to become judges or political leaders
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| empire | a group of many different lands under one ruler
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| Sumer(ians) | 3500-1800 B.C. first formal civilization; no central government; frequent wars and disagreements;ziggurats;cuneiform writing;wheel; plow; sailboat;bronze tools;farming;government;writing;12 month calendar;conquered by Sargon of Akkadian
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| Mesopotamia (ns) | Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Chaldeans, river valleys (fertile land); government – laws, armies, buildings, language, social groups; Fertile Crescent; present day Iraq; between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; floods; irrigation
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| Babylon (ians) | 1800-1600 B.C. large center of trade; Hammurabi conquered city states north and south creating an empire, Code of Hammurabi 1750 B.C.
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| Assyria (ns) | 900 – 612 B.C. conquered Babylonians; at peak of power controlled Mesopotamia, Fertile Crescent, Egypt; empire divided into provinces; warrior culture; cavalry, battering rams, and other tools
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| Nebuchadnezzar | Chaldean King (Chaldeans 605-565 B.C.) rebuilt Babylon; hanging gardens; first to have 7 day week; defeated by the Persians in 539 B.C.
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| Province | a political district; governed by officials who collected taxes and enforced the king’s laws (Assyrians)
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| Nile River (Valley) | first settlers around 10,000 B.C.; flows south to north; starts in the mountains of East Africa; flows into the Mediterranean Sea creating the Nile Delta; fertile land; encouraged trade and cooperation between villages;
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| Nile River | Where Egyptians’ got food (fish), cleaned, bathed, drank, transported
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| Hieroglyphics | The Egyptian system of writing; made up of hundreds of picture symbols;stood for objects and ideas,others stood for sounds; carved on stone walls and monuments by scribes; a simplified version was made for everyday purposes and was written on papyrus
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| Sahara | A vast desert to the west of the Nile; the largest hot desert in the world
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| cataract | a wild rapid in the Nile River formed by narrow cliffs and boulders
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| delta (Nile) | an area of fertile soil where branches of the Nile River fan out; Lower Egypt; near Mediterranean Sea
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| papyrus | a reed plant that grew along the shores of the Nile; originally used to make baskets, sandals, and river rafts; later used for papermaking
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| dynasty | a line of rulers from one family; when one died out, another took its place; a passing down from father to son to grandson….of ruling power
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| King Khufu | Great Pyramid’s owner; Great Pyramid built 2540 B.C.; 10 miles from Cairo; standing in Giza, west bank of Nile; 500 feet tall; 9 football fields; 2 million 2.5 ton bricks
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| Pharaoh | an Egyptian king; lived in a great palace with family; “great house; an all powerful ruler who guided Egypt’s every activity
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| Rosetta Stone | unearthed in an old fort near Rosetta; discovered in AD 1799 by a French officer; 3 languages: Egyptian (hieroglyphics), Greek, demotic
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| deity | a god or goddess
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| embalming process | a process to preserve a dead pharaoh’s body organ removal, special salt application, drying, body filling with spices and perfumes, stitched closed, cleaning with oils, wrapped with long strips on linen tightly
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| mummy | the result of embalming (a wrapped body); was put into several coffins, one fitting inside the other
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| pyramid | a mountain-like tomb built entirely of stone for a pharaoh; size of several city blocks; protected bodies from floods, wild animals, grave robbers, held supplies
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| religion | Polytheistic (many gods); an afterlife; the body was needed in order to reach the afterlife; mummies were made; possessions were buried.
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| Egyptian gods | main god: Re (Ra), the sun god; Hapi, Nile River god; Isis, goddess of loyal wives and mothers; Osiris, god of the dead
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| Thebes | city of Middle Kingdom, south of Memphis, large city
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| Hatshepsut | First Egyptian female ruler; came to power as queen in 1473B.C.; ruled first as wife, then aunt, then pharaoh; avoided military conquests; focused on trade, economy, and wealth of Egypt; had a peaceful reign; rebuilt temples; built monuments
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| Canaan | Most Israelites’ settlement; present-day countries: Lebanon, Israel, Jordan; after drought and famine in Mesopotamia, Bible said that Abraham led the Israelites to Canaan
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| Moses | heard a voice: he believed that God was telling him to lead the Israelites out of Egypt to freedom; Exodus; got help from God
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| Monotheism | belief in one god – religion type
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| Torah | the Israelites’ laws from God; first part of the Hebrew Bible (5/39 books of the Hebrew Bible); 10 Commandments are basic moral laws (beginning of Torah)
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| David | originally, a shepherd; a king after Saul; chosen by God and anointed secretly; brace soldier; hidden until and returns after death of Saul; runs Philistines (strongest occupants of Canaan at the time) out of Canaan makes Jerusalem the capital
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| Jerusalem | Canaan’s capital (by David’s order); David’s opinion: a fine temple in Jerusalem for storing sacred religious objects
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| Judah | one of the two kingdoms that formed after Solomon’s death; smaller of the two; southern; capital was Jerusalem; its people were called Jews
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| Solomon | David’s son; king following David; built a stone temple (symbol and center for Judaism) in Jerusalem; was known for his proverbs; taxed for his great buildings, not favored by many Israelites
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| prophet | a person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s words
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| proverb | a wise saying
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| Babylon | where Jews went during exile: Jews met on Sabbath, prayed in synagogue
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| Diaspora | a Greek word that means “scattered”; the Jews that were living outside of Judah in 331 B.C. and forbidden from Judah
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| Exile | a period of time in which people are forced to live in a foreign land; Israelite religion became Judaism during Jews’ exile
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| Sabbath | the Jewish weekly day of worship and rest
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| Synagogue | a Jewish house of worship; where Jewish religious meetings took place
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| Zealot | Jews that wanted to fight the Romans for their freedom; revolted in 66 A.D. drove them out of Jerusalem; Romans retook Jerusalem 4 years later
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| Bedouin | desert herder in early Arabia; traveled from oasis to oasis; lived in tents; ate dried nuts, berries, little meat
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| Muhammad | prophet, wealthy merchant, unhappy with society; growing poverty, unfair businessmen, family neglect; begins to spread Allah’s (God’s) message; preaches equality and charity; followers of Islam are called Muslims
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| Quran | holy book of Islam containing God’s written word, rules of life, and moral teachings
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| Shiites | minority of Muslims; believe that all caliphs should be descendants of Ali
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| Sunnis | majority of Muslims; accepted Umayyad dynasty, not concerned with descendants of Ali
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| Shiites and Sunnis | formed after a split
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| mosque | Muslim house of worship; served as a school, court, and center of learning; a major part of Muslim cities
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| Jesus | preaches/travels from 30-33 AD; 12 close followers-disciples; considered himself and told Christians to consider him as the son of God; told people that a relationship with God is more important than following religious laws; was crucified by the Romans
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| messiah | a deliverer
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| Roman view of Jesus | a person who could spark strong reactions; a threat to Roman law and order
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| persecute | to mistreat; Roman government did this to Christians in 64 A.D.
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| crucify | to hang somebody from a cross until their death (Rome’s way of punishing political rebels and lower-class criminals); Jesus’ death
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| clergy | leaders of the church
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| New Testament | a group of writings to guide Christians; tells about the life and death of Jesus; tells teachings of Jesus
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| Old Testament | Hebrew Bible; also part of Christian Bible, not just Jewish
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| Roman Catholic Church | formed of Latin-speaking Christians who accepted “pope” as head of church in 600 A.D. (bishop of Rome became pope); Western Roman Empire (Rome)
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| Eastern Orthodox Church | formed by the Byzantine Empire; based on Greek heritage; church and government work closely together (emperor represents Jesus, emperors chooses leading church officials; Eastern Roman Empire (Constantinople)
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| Dark Ages | a period of time in the Greek history in which earthquakes and wars destroy forts, trade slows, poverty takes over, people stopped writing and crafting; population shifts occurred and culture spread; positive and negative
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| Colony | settlement in a new territory that keeps close ties to its homeland; helped spread Greek culture
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| Polis | a tiny independent country; no close ties to its homeland; example – a Greek city-state
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| Agora | an open area below an acropolis that was both a market and a place where people could meet and debate issues
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| Sparta | a military based Greek city-state; conquered and enslaved neighboring people; all males were trained for war at age seven; focus on physical strength and military led to a decline in trade; government: oligarchy
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| Athens | a Greek city-state; boys attended school until age 18; girls were taught at home (running household; wealthy girls: reading, writing, lyre-playing); government: democracy;matters were discussed, debated and voted on; non-citizens not included
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| Delian League | united all Greeks, except Sparta against Persians
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| direct democracy | the Athenians’ democratic system in which people gather at mass meetings to decide on government matters
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| Representative democracy | a democracy in which citizens choose smaller groups to make decisions on their behalf
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| Solon | a noble who canceled farmers’ debts and freed enslaved people of Athens, allowed all male citizens to participate in assembly (to pass laws)
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| Peisistratus | won support of poor by dividing wealthy people’s land and giving it to landless farmers, loaned money to them, gave them work (Cleisthenes came after)
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| oligarchy | the Spartans’ type of government in which a few people hold power
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| helot | a captive worker of the Spartans; “capture
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| Persia | present day southwestern Iran; warriors and nomads were united by Cyrus; Darius (20 provinces, ruled by a satrap; paid full-time soldiers; large army); religion – Zoroastrianism (monotheistic); fought Persian Wars against Greece; empire falls
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| Cyrus the Great | united Persians, 559-530 B.C. – Built large empire
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| Darius | came to power in 521 B.C.; reorganized government for better quality; 20 provinces (satrapies) and rulers (satraps); led Persians to loss at the battle of Marathon, but wanted to lead them to victory
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| Xerxes | Darius’ son; Persian king from 486 B.C.; vowed revenge; invade Greece again; led Persians to victory at battle of Thermopylae; burned Athens; retreated to Asia Minor after battle of Plataea
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| satrapies | the 20 provinces of the Persian Empire (each led by a satrap)
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| Pericles | ruler of Athens from 461-429 B.C.; dominated Delian League(promised to defend against Persians; headquarters on Delos); lower class could run for office (paid) rebuilt cities after Persian Wars; supported architects, writers, and philosophers
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| Philosopher | a thinker who ponders questions about life
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| religion | Deities shape events and lives; 12 main gods (and goddess) live on Mount Olympus; all powerful; *most Greeks are Christians today – Eastern Orthodox or Greek Orthodox
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| Gods and goddesses | Zeus: king of deities (sky god); Poseidon: god of the sea; Hades: god of the underworld
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| myth | a traditional story about deities and heroes; Greek myths expressed Greeks; religious beliefs
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| drama | a story told by actors who pretend to be characters in the story; speak, show emotion, and imitate the actions of the characters they represent (tragedies and comedies)
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| Plato | Greek philosopher: rejected democracy; believed that philosopher-king should rule; his “Republic” tells about his ideal government; introduced the idea of a fair and just government
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| Pythagoras | Greek mathematician; established the principles of geometry first; “The universe should be governed with the same law as as math and music” – philosopher
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| Socrates | Greek philosopher; criticized the Sophists; believed in absolute right and wrong; Socratic method: pointed questions force pupils to use reasoning and thinking; teachers use his methods today
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| Aristotle | Greek philosopher; “golden mean”: people should do nothing in excess; observation and comparison are used to gain
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| Herodotus | Greek historian; wrote history of Persian Wars; considered “father of history”; history includes reference to gods and goddess in connection with events; separated fact from legend
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| Philip II | Macedonian king 359 B.C.; wants to unite with Greece and defeat Persia; joined with Greek city-states both peacefully and aggressively; murdered
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| Alexander the Great | Philip II’s son; Macedonian king (age 20); “Iliad” was inspiration; treated army well; great military leader; spread empire through most of today’s Middle East; sp
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| Alexander the Great's accomplishments | in 334 B.C. invades Asia Minor, frees from Persia; took Syria and Egypt; built city of Alexandria as trade center;read Greek art, ideas, language, etc. widely; led into Hellenistic Era (a time when Greek ideas spread)
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| Legacy | what a person leaves behind when he or she dies
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| Himalayas | huge mountains that make India a subcontinent; the highest mountains in the world
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| Indus River Valley | the area around the Indus River; in India; fertile land; water of Indus River needs to be controlled
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| Monsoon | strong wind that blows one direction in winter (cold, dry air) opposite direction in summer (wet, warm air); brings different climates
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| Sanskrit | the written Indian language
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| raja | the leader of an Aryan tribe; ran a small kingdom
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| guru | a teacher of a boy in a wealthy family
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| caste | the system of having social groups that someone is born into and cannot change; “jati”; dictates your occupation, spouse and social partners
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| Hinduism | one of the largest and oldest religions today; was founded in early India; accepted caste system; began with Aryans; changed as ideas were borrowed from elsewhere; polytheistic; search for universal spirit; karma
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| Buddhism | founded by Siddhartha Gautama ( questioned the suffering of other people); understand the world by giving up desires; nirvana; Four Noble Truths; two groups because of disagreements: Theravada and Mahayana
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| karma | the consequences of how a person lives; Hinduism (many lives lead to the Brahman; reincarnation; dharma)
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| reincarnation | the idea of passing through lives to reach the Brahman (in Hinduism); influenced Hindus
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| theocracy | a government in which religious leaders head a government; rulers were called lamas
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| Mauryan Dynasty | Chandragupta Maurya; conquered an area in northern India left by Alexander the Great; dynasty founded in 321 B.C.; centralized government from Pataliputra (strong army, spy system, postal sysem); Asoka
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| Asoka | ruled from 273-232 B.C.; first great Buddhist king; dedicated life to peace; built hospitals for people and animals, roads, stupas; tolerated other religions; died in 232 B.C.; poor leadership follows, ending the Mauryan Empire
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| Gupta Empire | reunited India; 320 A.D. Prince Chandragupta grows powerful; empire prospered from trade; art and science begin; Mahabharata (longest poem) and Ramayana-still famous epics; Aryabhata: best mathematician; zero; infinity; advanced in astronomy and medicine
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| pilgrim | a person who uses a trade route to travel to a religious shrine or site
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| Shang Dynasty | Anyang-first capital (in Huang He Valley); social groups: royalty (warlords and royal officials), aristocrats, farmers; offerings to spirits and ancestors; oracle bones; silk clothes; white clay-china; ivory and jade statues; bronze items;bad emperors
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| Chinese language | 3500 years old, pictographs and ideograph, most characters represent whole words
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| Zhou Dynasty | Wu Wang started it in 1045 B.C.; warring states led to creation of sword, spears, crossbow, saddles, stirrups; bureaucracy under king; aristocrats controlled land; irrigation systems; flood control systems;more crops, food, bigger population, trade increa
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| Qin Dynasty | Emperor Shinhuangdi;contolled neighboring states one by one; followed Legalism; strong central government (province and county rulers were chosen by king); unified China;Great Wall (kept out Xiongnu); civil war; terracotta warriors
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| Han Dynasty | Liu Bang takes over (harsh policies); tests for positions; rich/smart people favored); population growth (small farms, lack of food, land to aristocrats); inventions; Silk Road; Buddhism
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| Mandate of Heaven | an order stating that the king was chosen by heavenly order because of his talent and virtue; king is not god; king was expected to rule the proper way – DAO; people were given the right to overthrow a king if a natural disaster occurred during his rule
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| Daoism | a Chinese philosophy that promotes a peaceful society; Taoism (nature)
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| Laozi | basis for Daoism; told people how to behave and be peaceful: give up all worldly possessions, seek inner peace and look for harmony with nature
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| Hanfeizi | developed teachings for Legalism; wanted laws; believed humans were evil and needed harsh laws
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| Confucius | first great thinker and teacher; “people need sense of duty” – Confucianism; if all did their duty, society would do well: “golden rule”; tried to convince rulers for support
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| Legalism | “School of Law”; the idea that honorable men in government could bring peace to society; people are not good, so strict laws are needed; people need to be controlled and trained
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| Silk Road | transportation of goods; silk trading provides a lot of revenue (government income); travel along the Silk Road allows for plenty of trade (4000 miles from western to southwest China; covers numerous territories; reached Byzantine Empire when empire grew
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| Romulus and Remus | “Made Rome”; abandoned near Tiber River; wolf saves boys; Romulus kills Remus; Rome named after Romulus
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| Twelve Tables | first written laws; allowed for fair and equal interpretation of law for all citizens (especially plebeians)
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| Etruscans | came from north of Rome; moved south after 650 B.C.; shared metal-working and architecture; laid out streets, temples, buildings; showed new style of dress; displayed model of army; ruled Rome for over a century (Tarquins)
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| republic | a form of government in which the leader is not a king of queen, but someone put in office by citizens with the right to vote; the citizens have the power; Roman Republic formed when Romans overthrew the Tarquins
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| legion | a small group of soldiers that cut through enemies; better than marching in lines; 6,000 soldiers
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| Carthage | enemy of Rome during Punic Wars; richest city in West Mediterranean
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| Hadrian’s Wall | a wall built by Hadrian (a “Good Emperor” of the Pax Romana) across northern Britain to keep out Pics and Scots: warlike people from northern Britain
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| Punic Wars | 1st – fight for Scicily; naval battle; Rome’s victory; 2nd – Hannibal (officer) sent to attack Rome; fought via Spain into Italy; Scipio invades Carthage; Carthage loses Spain, navy and money to Rome; 3rd – Rome destroys Carthage
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| Hannibal | sent to attack Rome during second Punic War; Carthage’s greatest general; army of men, horses, elephants
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| patrician | made up upper class of Rome, a wealthy landowner; made up Rome’s ruling class; Roman citizen
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| plebeian | made up of Roman lower class; artisans, shop keepers, and owners of small farms; Roman citizen; could not serve in government; could not marry a patrician
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| consul | patrician; chosen every year; top government official; headed the army and ran the government
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| Julius Caesar | killed on March 15th (“Ides of March”); Julian calendar; part of the first triumvirate; filled senate with loyal members
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| Julius Caesar's accomplishments |
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| Octavian | part of second triumvirate; Lepidus retires, Antony dies (marries Cleopatra; gets war declared, Antony and Cleopatra VII die); starts Roman Empire; restores republic, (follows ideas of Cicero; changed name to Augustus)
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| Octavian's accomplishments |
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| Pax Romana | “Roman Peace”; a long era of Roman peace (of Mediterranean region) that began with Augustus as emperor and lasted until 180 A.D.
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| Aqueduct | a human made channel for carrying water long distances (across valleys or hillsides) using gravity, aboveground stone arches, and underground (stone or clay) pipes
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| Ptolemy | important astronomer of the Roman Empire; lived in Alexandria Egypt; mapped over 1,000 different stars; studied and created rules about the movements of planets and starts; created an accepted idea for centuries: Earth was center of universe
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| plague | a disease that spreads widely; took its toll during Rome’s decline; in Rome took the lives of one in every ten people
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| mosaic | a picture made from many bits of colored glass or stone; an important type of art in the Byzantine Empire; showed mainly figures of saints
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| Theodosius | emperor after Constantine; decided to divide empire after death; in 395 A.D., Roman Empire split; Western Roman Empire (capital: Rome) and Eastern Roman Empire (capital: Constantinople)
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| The Byzantine Empire adopted this form of Christianity? | Eastern Orthodox
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| Empress Theodora | Emperor Justinain’s wife; helped Justinian rule; chose officials’, passed laws, increased women’s rights (wives could own land); strong willed and intelligent; saved Justinian’s throne in 532 A.D.
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| Huang He Valley | site of first Chinese civilization
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| Oracle Bones | used to contact spirits
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| Forum | open space for market place in the middle of Rome
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| Cicero | Rome’s greatest public speaker
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| Julian Calendar | had 12 months, 365 days, and a leap year
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| Thucydides | recorded history without referring to mythology or deities
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| Aristocrats | nobles whose wealth came from the land they owned
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| Bureaucracy | officials are appointed for government positions
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| Tenant farmers | people who pay their rent by giving the landlord a portion of their crops
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| Merchants/skilled workers | prosper during Roman Empire. Farmers, unskilled worker slaves do not benefit from this time
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| Currency | helped Roman trade
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| Odoacer | taking control marks the fall of Western Roman Empire
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| 3 Sumerian inventions | wheel, sailboat, and plow
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| Chaldean King who rebuilt Babylon and created the hanging gardens | King Neb.
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| This is the faith of the Israleites | Judaism
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
LaxyLucy7
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