OPT CNS
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| 1. thrombotic occlusion 2. embolic occlusion 3. vascular rupture | 3 processes of cerebrovascular diseases
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| functional hypoxia | low partial pressure of O2, impaired O2 carrying capacity are some examples of this
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| ischemia | result of tissue hypo perfusion caused by hypotension and vascular obstruction; form of hypoxia
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| global cerebral ischemia | widespread ischemic injury with generalized reduction of cerebral perfusion below 50 mm Hg pressure
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| focal cerebral ischemia | due to a cerebral occlusion that causes focal ischemia
-{embolic infarcts are the most common}
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| paradoxical emboli | embolus from venous circulation crosses to arterial through atrial or ventricular septal defect
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| cerebral infarcts | most commonly in areas supplied by the middle cerebral artery
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| transient ischemic attack (TIA) | precedes a cerebral infarct, neurologic dysfunction caused by self-limited episodes of obstruction
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| primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage | spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhages; hypertension is underlying cause
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| subarachnoid hemorrhage and saccular aneurysms | acute increases in intracranial pressure; can cause a rupture of a saccular (berry) aneurysm
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| chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) | trauma associated with degeneration of the brain; in NFL players
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| contusions | brain hits skull during head injury; rapid tissue displacement and hemorrhage
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| diffuse axonal injury | widespread injury to axons in brain due to movement of one area of the brain relative to another
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| concussion | reversible altered consciousness from head injury in absence of contusion; transient neurologic issues
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| epidural hematoma | middle meningeal artery vulnerable to injury; neurosurgical emergency
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| subdural hematoma | between dura and brain; in babies and old people
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| epidural abscesses | adjacent to site of infection, forms pus in a new cavity
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| subdural empyema | infections in skull or sinuses, can spread and form pus in a normal cavity
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| meningitis (leptomeningitis) | inflammatory process of leptomeninges in subarachnoid space; called {meningoencephalitis} if it goes to brain
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| acute pyogenic meningitis (bacterial meningitis) | smear can be cultured from CSF; patients show signs of systemic infection
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| aseptic meningitis | infection of mycobacteria or spirochetes
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| neurosyphilis | tertiary stage of disease, loss of mental and physical functions
-paretic syphilis- invasion to brain
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| tabes dorsalis | wasting of peripheral nerves in dorsal root so impaired proprioception
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| Charcot joints | loss of pain sensation leading to skin and joint damage in tertiary syphilis
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| brain abscesses | almost always bacterial infection; destructive lesions
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| viral encephalitis | almost always associated with the meninges so aka {meningoencephalitis}
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| progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy | caused by JC virus in AIDS patients; demyelinates oligodendrites
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| prion disease (spongiform encephalopathies) | microscopic vacuolation in neurons; abnormal forms of prion protein
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| scapie | prion disease in sheep
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| bovine spongiform encephalopathy | prion disease in cattle
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| Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease | rare prion disease of rapid dementia in people over 70
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| variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease | aka 'Mad Cow Disease'; acquired in younger people from BSE
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| demyelinating diseases | normal myelin is broken down; includes MS and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
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| multiple sclerosis (MS) | autoimmune demyelinating disease; unilateral visual impairment is often first sign
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| dysmyelinating diseases | metabolic disorders of abnormal myelin aka {leukodystrophy}
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| leukodystrophies | inherited diseases of mutations of normal myelin formation or turnover
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| thiamine deficiency | causes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
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| Wernicke encephalopathy | confusion, eye movements, and ataxia; thiamine deficiency
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| Korsakoff syndrome | thiamine deficiency that progresses to this irreversible condition, memory disturbances
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| Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome | thiamine deficiency in alcoholics
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| Vitamin B12 deficiency | leads to {pernicious anemia} and subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord
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| dementia | development of memory impairment and cognitive deficits, decreasing functional ability
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| Alzheimer disease | most common cause of dementia in elderly
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| beta amyloid | peptide that accumulates in brain, initiates chain of events that results in AD
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| tau | hyperphosphorylated by beta amyloid; redistributes and forms tangles
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| plaques | extracellular lesion of AD
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| neurofibrillary tangles | intracellular lesion of AD
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| Parkinson Disease | masked facies, stooped posture, slow movement and tremor; damage to dopaminergic neurons
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| Lewy body | diagnostic of Parkinson Disease; inclusion of alpha-synuclein for synaptic transmission
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| Huntington Disease | auto-dominantly inherited disease, jerky movements and dementia; trinucleotide repeat in Huntington gene
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| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's Disease) | death of low motor neurons in spinal cord and upper motor neurons in cortex; superoxide dismutase mutation
-death by respiratory infection
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| glioma | tumors of brain parenchyma that resemble glial cells
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| astrocytoma | most common group of primary CNS tumors
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| medulloblastomas | in children and in cerebellum, highly malignant; kids with Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma
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| meningioma | benign adult tumors, usually attached to dura
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| tuberous sclerosis | auto-dominantly inherited syndrome of hamartomas (tubers) that cause seizures
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| Von Hippel Lindau Disease | auto-dominantly inherited disorder of hemangioblastomas on CNS structures; can develop renal cell carcinoma
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Created by:
aharnold
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