major issues in biological psychology
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| Artificial selection | change in the frequencies of various genes in a population because of a breeder's selection of desired individuals for mating purposes
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| Autosomal gene | gene on any of the chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes (X and Y)
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| Biological psychology | study of the physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience
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| Chromosome | strand of DNA bearing the genes
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | double-stranded chemical that composes the chromosomes; it serves as a template for the synthesis of RNA
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| Dizygotic twins | fraternal (nonidentical) twins
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| Dominant gene | gene that shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition
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| Enzymes | any proteins that catalyze biological reactions
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| Evolution | change in the frequencies of various genes in a population over generations
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| Evolutionary explanation | understanding in terms of the evolutionary history of a species
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| Evolutionary psychology | field that deals with how behaviors have evolved
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| Fitness | number of copies of one's genes that endure in later generations
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| Functional explanation | understanding why a structure or behavior evolved as it did
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| Gene | unit of heredity that maintains its structural identity from one generation to another
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| Hard problem | philosophical question of why and how any kind of brain activity is associated with consciousness
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| Heritability | estimate of the degree to which variance in a characteristic depends on variations in heredity for a given population
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| Heterozygous | having two unlike genes for a given trait
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| Homozygous | having two identical genes for a given characteristic
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| Identity position | view that mental processes are the same as certain kinds of brain processes but described in different terms
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| Kin selection | selection for a gene because it benefits the individual's relatives
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| Lamarckian evolution | discredited theory that evolution proceeds through the inheritance of acquired characteristics
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| Materialism | view that everything that exists is material, or physical
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| Mentalism | view that only the mind really exists
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| Mind body problem or mind brain problem | question of how the mind is related to the brain
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| Monism | theory that only one kind of substance exists in the universe (not separate physical and mental substances)
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| Monozygotic twins | identical twins, derived from a single fertilized egg
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| Multiplier effect | tendency for small genetic or prenatal influences to change the environment in a way that magnifies the change
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| Ontogenetic explanation | understanding in terms of how a structure or a behavior develops
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| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | inherited inability to metabolize phenylalanine, leading to mental retardation unless the afflicted person stays on a strict low-phenylalanine diet throughout childhood
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| Physiological explanation | understanding in terms of the activity of the brain and other organs
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| Problem of other minds | difficulty of knowing whether other people or animals have conscious experiences
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| Recessive gene | gene that shows its effects only in the homozygous condition
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| Reciprocal altruism | helping individuals who may later be helpful in return
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| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) | single strand chemical; one type of an RNA molecule serves as a template for the synthesis of protein molecules
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| Sex-limited gene | gene that exerts its effects primarily in one sex because of activation by androgens or estrogens, although members of both sexes may have the gene
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| Sex-linked gene | gene on either the X or the Y chromosome
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| Solipsism | philosophical position that I alone exist or I alone am conscious
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| X chromosome | chromosome of which female mammals have two and males have one
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| Y chromosome | chromosome of which female mammals have none and males have one
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