Human Development Theories
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| What is human growth & development? | The scientific way in which people change, as well as characteristics that remain fairly constant throughout life.
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| What are the four goals of the scientific study of Human Development? | DEMP: Describe, Explain, Modify & Predict behaviour.
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| Physical development | Growth of body, brain, weight, height. Sensory capacities. Motor skills (hand eye coordination) For example: A child with frequent ear infections may develop language more slowly than a child without this problem.
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| Cognitive development | Change or stability in mental activites such as: learning - attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, creativity.
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| Psychosocial development | Change or stability in emotions, personality and social relationships. Emotional development, personality + social development. Impact of family and society on the individual.
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| Influences on development 1 | Heredity - Inborn influences, genes inheritied from parents.
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| Influences on development 2 | Environment - non genenetic influences, external to the self. (nurture)
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| Influences on development 3 | Maturation - Genetically influenced, age related. Sequence of physical changes & behaviour patterns. Eg. Toilet training.
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| Paul B Baltes life span approach of Human Development | Development is life long, occurs though all domains (cognitive, etc) involves gain + loss. Modifiable + influenced by history and cultural context.
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| Qualitative research | Non numerical data. Pt's perspective of pain. Beliefs, experiences, attitudes, behaviour, interactions.
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| Quantitative Research | The scientific method. Generates numerical data. Or data that can be converted into numbers.
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| Correlational studies | Explore statistical connection between disease in diff. population groups and estimated exposure in groups rather than indivduals.
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| Longitudinal Studies | Over a long amount of time, follows the same group/person.
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| Cross sectional studies | Takes place at one point of time.
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| Cross sequential studies | Involves a comparison of two seperate but equivilant longitudinal studies.
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| Psychoanalytic Perspective | Unconcious forces motivate behaviour and shape development.
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| Psychoanalytic theorist Sigmund Freud | Stages of psychosexual development. Involving ID, EGO, SUPER EGO.
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| Psychoanalytic theorist Erik Erikson | Stages of psycosocial development involving the eight stages of man.
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| Learning Perspective | Development results from learning based on experience. Adaptation to the environment & experience
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| Learning theorist Ivan Pavlov | Classical conditioning - learning by association. Stimulus
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| Learning theorist BF Skinner | Operant conditioning - modifying behaviour involving reinforcers.
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| Social Learning theory | Behaviour is modelled after copying, immitating others.
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| Social learning theorist | Albert Bandura - modelling, observational learning.
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| Cognitive perspective | Focuses on the thought processes and the behaviour that reflects those processes.
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| Cognitive theorists Jean Piaget | Cognitive stage theory. 1. Sensor motor2. Preoperational3. Concrete Operational4. Formal operational. Also assimilation, adaptation
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| Schemes | Organised patterns of behaviour that a person uses to think about and act in a situation
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| Assimilation | Taking new info and incorporating it into existing structures.
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| Accommodation | Changing ones idea to include new info with the old info.
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| Electic Perpsective | Parts of all theories have some relevance to HD
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| Socio cultural theory Lev Vygotsky | How socia interaction with adults can fufil a childs potential for learning. Info processing approach. Scaffolding, Zone of proximal dev.
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| Contextual Perspective | Indivdual inseparable from the environment
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| Contextual theorist Urie Bronfenbrenner | Environmental infulence. Individual Develops within a complex system of relationships affected by the environment.
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| Microsystem Bronfenbrenner | Indivual interacts wtih others everyday - family, school peers, work place, neighbour hood.
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| Mesosystem Bronfenbrenner | Interlocking between two or more microsystems. eg. religious place + family.
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| Exosystem Bronfebrenner | Links between two or more systems not including the individual. eg. Education system to government system.
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| Macrosystem Bronfenbrenner | Societys overall cultural patterns
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| Chronosystem Bronfenbrenner | Effects of time on other developmental systems.
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