ENV 101 Final Terms
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| fossil fuels | organic matter cut off from O and applied heat and pressure
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| what is coal made of | terrestrial plant material
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| what is natural gas made of? | aquatic organisms
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| fracking | horizontal drilling method that makes pores in the shale to trap gas
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| tight oil | conventional gas in density but located in reservoirs with low permeability so get to by fracking
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| oil sands | deposits of large sand and partially consolidated sandstone which are low in density
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| oil shale | fine grained sedimentary rock with organic matter
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| coalted methane | methane stuck in the seams of rock
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| quality/quantity paradox | despite the high quantity, the quality of solar energy is lower
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| energy density | the quantity of energy contained per unit of mass of a fuel
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| power density | the rate at which energy can be produced from the source/geographic area
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| biomass | all earth's vegetation
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| biorefinery | a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment
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| geothermal | heat from radioactive decay deep within the earth
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| hydropower | hydroelectric power produced by force of falling H20
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| Hydrogen energy | energy from electrolysis and reforming of fossil fuels
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| electrolysis | water turns into O and H gas
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| conservation of energy | doing the same things but with less energy
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| energy curtailing | doing different things with energy or with less energy
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| coal | remains of plants and animals compressed in earth
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| oil | liquid forms of decayed remains usually in ocean floor
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| nuclear power | use nuclear reaction of fission to generate power
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| solar power | converts sun's electromagnetic radiation to usable energy
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| climate change | shift in long-run average of weather
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| Temperature anomaly | departure from reference value/long term average of direct observations
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| instrumental record | direct measurements by thermometer
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| proxy record | indirect inferences from natural recorders of climate (corals, ice cores)
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| the greenhouse effect | the ability of the atmosphere to absorb energy with longer wavelengths, and convert them to heat, it is a natural phenomena
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| radiative forcing | amount of energy absorbed by gases that lie above earth's surface
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| Milankovic cyles | episodic nature of the earth's glacial and interglacial periods caused primarily by cyclical changes in the earth's circumnavigation of the sun
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| attribution | estimated cause and effect relationship between human activity and observed change in climate
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| watershed | area of land where all the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same place
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| continental divide | a series of ridges through the rocky mountains that divide the country into 2 drainages
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| water withdrawal | water use that takes water out of the water source but can eventually be put back into the cycle
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| water consumption | water taken up by organism, it cannot be recycled
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| instream water use | don't remove water from water system (recreation, transport)
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| offstream water use | take water out of system to use it (industry, agriculture)
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| saltwater intrusion | when saltwater gets into groundwater well
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| genetic diversity | differences of DNA within and between populations
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| species richness | the number of species in a given area
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| evenness | how evenly balanced are the abundances of each species
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| ecosystem diversity | all living and nonliving things in an area and the variation between and within ecosystems
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| biodiversity | total diversity and variability of living things
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| allopatric speciation | due to geographic isolation
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| sympatric speciation | new species arise from within parent population
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| biocentric | biodiversity is important and non human species have value and have right to live regardless of their value or little value to humans
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| anthropocentric | human species have more value and the importance of other species should be measured by value to humans
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| endemic species | a species unique to a defined location and conditions, which makes it at great risk of extinction
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| keystone species | species whose presence and numbers control the integrity of a community or ecosystem
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| background extinction | normal extinction of species that occurs as a result of change in local environmental conflicts
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| mass extinction | lose large percent of species
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| fragmentation | cutting into biodiversity with roads in jungles, etc
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| alien species | anything not native
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| invasive species | alien and takes over everything
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| endangered species | danger of extinction
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| threatened species | likely to become endangered
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| exsitu | preserving biodiversity out of the habitat
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| insitu | preserving biodiversity in the habitat
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| soil horizon | layer of soil
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| mechanical weathering | physical breakdown
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| chemical weathering | breakdown reactions with water and atmospheric gasses
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| crop rotation | different crops use different nutrients
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| terrace farming | decrease slope by creating layers with small flat fields, which will prevent soil from eroding as quickly
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| shelterbelts | rows of trees to break up wind flow
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| conservation tillage | leave leftover material for increased roughness and nutrients in soil
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| halogen depletion hypothesis | CFCs react with short wave energy which reacts with chlorine and depletes ozone
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| Odd Nitrogen Hypothesis | ozone reacts with hydrogen to deplete ozone
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| dynamic uplift hypothesis | areas with lots of ozone mixing in more ozone rich areas
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| food insecurity | unable to acquire enough food to meet needs of all members of community due to insufficient funds or lack other resources
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| undernourishment | inadequate nutrition resulting from lack of food or lack of food that has enough nutritional value
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| obesity | a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health
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| cereals | edible seeds from grass family
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| pulses | edible seeds of flowering plants
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| oilseed | food crops grown from oil content
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| roots and tubers | thickened underground part of stem
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| veggies | any part of plant that's consumed
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| fruits | sweet fleshy products from trees and plants that contain seeds
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| nut | fruit composed of hard shell
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| nutrition transition | the shift of dietary consumption and energy expenditure that coincide with economic, demographic and public health change
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| subsistence farming | enough to cover own needs
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| shifting cultivation | degrading soil and not very efficient use of farming in an area and then leaving it
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| feedlot | cows in one area that are fed feed
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| pasture | animals roam and eat natural grass
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| primary pollutants | enter atmosphere in form that directly causes harm
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| secondary pollutants | formed from primary pollutants
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