Groundwater
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| Groundwater | All the subsurface water trapped in the pores and other open spaces in rocks, sediments and soils; .75% of total water available for use and 30.1% of fresh water resources; movement averages a few meters per day, slower than streams; used for irrigation
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| Pores | Groundwater is stored in open spaces in rocks
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| Porosity | The percentage of a material's total volume that is open space (%)
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| Permeability | The capacity to transmit fluids; open spaces must be connected for fluid to move. This is necessary if we are to produce water from rocks; Dependent on porosity, but also on the size of the pores and their interconnections
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| High Permeability | Higher flow rates; small grains usually produce low permeability; Conduits produce high permeability; Large grains without clay and silt matrix tend to have excellent permeability
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| Aquifer | A permeable underground rock layer saturated with slowly moving groundwater.
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| Sandstones | The best aquifers are well-sorted, loosely & cemented, capillary pressure helps to hold the water
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| Aquiclude | A non-permeable layer that prevents the flow of water. Ex: clay or shale layers
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| Confined aquifer | An aquifer with an aquiclude above and below
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| Phreatice Zone (Zone of Saturation) | The region of groundwater where all pore spaces are filled with fluids
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| Vadose Zone (Zone or Aeration) | The region of groundwater where most pore spaces are filled with vapor (unsaturated zone)
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| Suspended Water | Water that is in the vadose zone as a result of adhesion to grain boundaries and capillary pressure
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| Water Table | A planar surface which occurs at the top of the phreatic zone, level fluctuates with precipitation, infiltration, etc.
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| Water Table Dynamics | In areas with adequate precipitation, the water table surface will mimic land surface, rising under hills, and flowing down to streams or areas of lower pressure
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| Gaining Streams | Have water flowing to the stream from the ground; these stay around despite recent precipitation
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| Losing Streams | Have water leaving the channel and infiltrating the ground; these only run for a few hours after precipitation event
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| Natural Springs | Where flowing water exits the ground; occurring at locations where the landscape intersects the water table; water can be flowing along beds of rock or through faults and fractures in the rock
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| Artesian Aquifers | Confined aquifers that have constant pressure and recharge; only need a well to get water
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| Elevation of the Water Table | In the recharge area and the distance from this area will determine the pressure = how high the water will rise
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| Water Wells | Wells that penetrate into the water table in an aquifer and either flow naturally or/and pumped to bring water to the surface
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| Cone of Depression | When pumping water from an aquifer at a rate higher than the groundwater is flowing back into the aquifer; then the water will flow towards the well forming this
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| Recharge Zone | Where surface water infiltrates the ground and replenishes the aquifer; surface water recharge is from rainfall, melting snow & losing streams; can take 1000's of years to replenish some aquifers
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| Karst Topography | Denotes a landscape that is dominated by soluble rock (limestones, dolomites, gypsum) and dissolution features in humid environments
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| Sinkholes | Either dissolution or collapse
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| Solution Valleys | Coalescing sinkholes
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| Natural Bridges | Remaining land between sinkholes
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| Disappearing Streams | Underground conduits for water
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| Tower Karst | Extensive dissolution
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| Caves and Caverns | Underground features associated with groundwater; these form when acid water dissolves limestone below the surface slowly creating voids in the rock; gradually grow larger and larger forming themselves
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| Speleothems | These are features in caves; such as stalactites, stalagmites, columns and drapery formations
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| Cave | Any natural opening in the subsurface that forms a cavity large enough for human entry; Texas definition: void must at least be 5 meters in traverse length & have no dimension of entrance that exceeds length or depth
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| Cavern | Very large cave or system of interconnected caves passages
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| Grotto | Small cave or an individual room within a cavern
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| Krubera Cavern | Deepest cave in the world; water percolates through deep faults and fractures formed by orgenic stresses, these are accentuated through dissolution of limestone
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| Cave of Crystals | Cavern found in a lead, zinc, & silver mine; Giant gypsum crystals that are growing in a fluid filled cavity; a giant geode
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| Caves in Quartzite | Caves formed over millions of years form by fracturing & dissolution of quartz; Ridges rise up from the valley floors, covered in vegetation; requires help of organic acids; speleothems formed from opal
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| Quicksand | Sand or other unconsolidated sediment that is super saturdated with water, such that grains are buoyantly held away from one another;
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| Quicksand Occurs at: | Groundwater discharge zones
Upward flow of groundwater
Springs, streamboats, coasts
**High density but highly visocous
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| Tufa | Surface carbonate speleothem formed by the precipitation of mineral entering atmospheric conditions, result of: Degassing, Change in temp, Interaction w/ biota;
Similar to: Silica Dioxide & Calcium sulfate
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| Hydrothermal fluids | Groundwater that is heated above the average annual mean temperature, as a result of: Volcanism, radioactive decay, Deep-circulation (geothermal gradient)
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| Hot Springs | AKA Thermal & warm springs; Thermal waters are brought to the surface and discharged, usually as artesian waters; mudpots can form when thermal water alters bedrock to produce hydrated clays that "bubble"
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| Geysers | Hot springs that eject water & steam; constricted permeability (conduits) enable pressure to build up within system; as pressure increases, gases spontaneously expand to forcefully eject water and steam
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| Water Quality | Extraction can result in a decrease in water quality as a result of increased leakage from surrounding area
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| Subsidence | Lowering of the regional land surface due to grain compaction as a result of the loss of buoyant support as a result groundwater extraction
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| Collapse | Local lowering of the land surface, often catastrophically, as a result of the loss of buoyant support as a result of groundwater extraction
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| Groundwater Contamination | Sources of potential anthropogenic groundwater contamination abound;
Ex:
Septic tanks, landfills, waste injection wells, Toxic chemical disposal, cemetaries, etc.
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| Groundwater Quality | General related to 4 things:
Composition of aquifer rock
Solubility of aquifer rock
Residence time of aquifer fluid
External contaminents
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| Hard water | Water that has a high dissolved solute load, which is often associated with scale deposition
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| Severe health problems | Can develop from high levels of natural minerals such as arsenic (slow poison that can cause cancer)
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Created by:
FaithRaquel2015
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