AP Bio Chapter 35
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| monocots | single cotyledon, parallel veins, arranged vascular bundles, fibrous root system, petals come in multiples of 3
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| dicots | two cotyledons, netlike veins, star like vascular bundle, taproot present, petals in multiples of 4 or 5
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| root system | subterranean system to draw resources like water and nutrients to the plant
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| shoot system | the aerial portion of a plant body consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers
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| xylem | conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots thru the shoot
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| phloem | transports food made in mature leaves to the roots and to part of the shoots
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| taproot system | found in many dicots, consisting of one large vertical root that produces many smaller lateral roots
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| fibrous roots | found in monocots, consisting of a mat of threadlike roots that spread out below the soil surface, gives the plant extensive exposure to soil water and minerals and anchors it tenaciously to the ground
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| root hairs | increase the surface area of the root
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| adventitious | describes any plant part that grows in an unusual location
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| stems | an alternating system of nodes and internodes
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| nodes | the points at which leaves are attached
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| internodes | the stem segments between the nodes
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| axillary bud | has the potential to form a branch shoot, dormant
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| terminal bud | developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes
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| apical dominance | when the terminal bud inhibits the growth of of axillary buds
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| leaves | the photosynthetic organs of most plants
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| blade | flat part of plant which helps form leaves
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| petiole | a stalk which joins the leaf to a node of the stem
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| protoplast | the contents of the cell exclusive of the cell wall
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| parenchyma cells | mature ones have primary walls that are relatively thin and flexible, relatively unspecialized
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| sclerenchyma cells | specialized for support, secondary walls maybe dead at maturity
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| water-conducting cells | made up of tracheids and vessel elements arranged from end to end forming vessels,have secondary walls&dead at maturity. In gymnosperms, tracheids function for water&structural support.In angiosperms,both vessel elements&tracheids conduct water,notsupport
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| food-conducting cells | sieve-tube members,arranged end to end with porous walls between them, companion cell always found
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| collenchyma cells | helps to support the young part of the plant, provide support without restraining growth
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| fibers | type of sclerenchyma, long, slender, tapered, occur in bundles
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| sclereids | type of sclerenchyma, shorter than fibers and irregular in shape
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| pits | thinner regions where only primary walls are present
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| sieve-tube members | chains of cells which transport organic compounds and mineral ions thru the the phloem
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| sieve plates | in angiosperms, the end walls of the sieve tubes, have pores that presumably facilitate the flow of fluid from cell to cell
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| companion cells | alongside each sieve-tube member, connected to the sieve-tube by numerous plasmodesmata
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| dermal tissue system or epidermis | single layer of tightly packed cells that covers and protects all younger parts of the plant
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| cuticle | helps bring aerial parts of the plant retain water, an important adaptation to living on land
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| annuals | complete their life cycle in a single year or less
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| perennials | live many years
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| meristems | perpetually embryonic tissues which makes the plant always capable for growth
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| apical meristems | located at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots, supply cells for the plant to grow in length
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| primary growth | this elongation, enable roots to ramify throughout the soil and shoots to increase their exposure to light and carbon dioxide
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| secondary growth | a progressive thickening of the roots and shoots former earlier by primary growth
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| lateral meristems | cylinders of dividing cells extending along the length of roots and shoots, replace the epidermis with secondary dermal tissue like bark
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| primary plant body | consists of the three tissue system: dermal vascular, and ground tissues
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| root cap | physically protects the delicate meristem as the root elongates through the abrasive soil
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| zone of cell division | includes the apical meristem and its derivatives, called primary meristems
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| quiescent center | a population of cells that divide much more slowly that the other meristemic cells, relatively resistant to chemicals and damage
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| protoderm | the outermost primary meristem which gives rise to the roots and shoots
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| procambium | a primary meristem of roots and shoots that form vascular tissue
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| ground meristem | a primary meristem that gives rise to ground tissue in plants
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| zone of elongation | the cells elongate ten times their original size
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| zone of maturation | cells of the root begin to specialize in structure and function, three tissue systems produced by primary growth complete their differentiation
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| stele | which is the vascular bundle where both xylem and phloem develop
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| pith | the central core of parenchyma cells, which is ringed by vascular tissue with an alternating pattern of xylem and phloem
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| cortex | the region of the root between the stele epidermis
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| endodermis | innermost layer of the cortex, a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and the stele
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| lateral roots | arise from the outermost layer of the stele
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| pericycle | a layer of cells that may become meristemic and begin dividing again
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| vascular bundles | vascular tissue which runs the length of a stem
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| stomata | tiny pores flanked by guard cells on leaves
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| guard cells | special cells that surround the stomata
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| transpiration | water loss by plant evaporation
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| mesophyll | the area where the ground tissue of a leaf is sandwiched
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| phase changes | gradual transition in vegetative growth from the juvenile to mature state
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| secondary plant body | consists of tissues produced during this secondary growth in diameter
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| vascular cambium growth | produces a secondary xylem and phloem
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| cork cambium | produces a tough, thick covering for stems and roots that replaces the epidermis
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| ray initials | are cambium cells that produce radical files or parachyma cells known as xylem rays and phloem rays
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| fusiform initials | refers to the shape of the cambium cells within the vascular bundles
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| periderm | the layers of cork cambium plus cork
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| bark | all tissues external to the vascular cambium, phloem plus periderm
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| lenticles | spongy regions of the bark that make it possible for living cells within the truck to exchange gases with the outside air for cellular respiration
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