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AP Bio Chapter 35
Word | Definition |
---|---|
monocots | single cotyledon, parallel veins, arranged vascular bundles, fibrous root system, petals come in multiples of 3 |
dicots | two cotyledons, netlike veins, star like vascular bundle, taproot present, petals in multiples of 4 or 5 |
root system | subterranean system to draw resources like water and nutrients to the plant |
shoot system | the aerial portion of a plant body consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers |
xylem | conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots thru the shoot |
phloem | transports food made in mature leaves to the roots and to part of the shoots |
taproot system | found in many dicots, consisting of one large vertical root that produces many smaller lateral roots |
fibrous roots | found in monocots, consisting of a mat of threadlike roots that spread out below the soil surface, gives the plant extensive exposure to soil water and minerals and anchors it tenaciously to the ground |
root hairs | increase the surface area of the root |
adventitious | describes any plant part that grows in an unusual location |
stems | an alternating system of nodes and internodes |
nodes | the points at which leaves are attached |
internodes | the stem segments between the nodes |
axillary bud | has the potential to form a branch shoot, dormant |
terminal bud | developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes |
apical dominance | when the terminal bud inhibits the growth of of axillary buds |
leaves | the photosynthetic organs of most plants |
blade | flat part of plant which helps form leaves |
petiole | a stalk which joins the leaf to a node of the stem |
protoplast | the contents of the cell exclusive of the cell wall |
parenchyma cells | mature ones have primary walls that are relatively thin and flexible, relatively unspecialized |
sclerenchyma cells | specialized for support, secondary walls maybe dead at maturity |
water-conducting cells | made up of tracheids and vessel elements arranged from end to end forming vessels,have secondary walls&dead at maturity. In gymnosperms, tracheids function for water&structural support.In angiosperms,both vessel elements&tracheids conduct water,notsupport |
food-conducting cells | sieve-tube members,arranged end to end with porous walls between them, companion cell always found |
collenchyma cells | helps to support the young part of the plant, provide support without restraining growth |
fibers | type of sclerenchyma, long, slender, tapered, occur in bundles |
sclereids | type of sclerenchyma, shorter than fibers and irregular in shape |
pits | thinner regions where only primary walls are present |
sieve-tube members | chains of cells which transport organic compounds and mineral ions thru the the phloem |
sieve plates | in angiosperms, the end walls of the sieve tubes, have pores that presumably facilitate the flow of fluid from cell to cell |
companion cells | alongside each sieve-tube member, connected to the sieve-tube by numerous plasmodesmata |
dermal tissue system or epidermis | single layer of tightly packed cells that covers and protects all younger parts of the plant |
cuticle | helps bring aerial parts of the plant retain water, an important adaptation to living on land |
annuals | complete their life cycle in a single year or less |
perennials | live many years |
meristems | perpetually embryonic tissues which makes the plant always capable for growth |
apical meristems | located at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots, supply cells for the plant to grow in length |
primary growth | this elongation, enable roots to ramify throughout the soil and shoots to increase their exposure to light and carbon dioxide |
secondary growth | a progressive thickening of the roots and shoots former earlier by primary growth |
lateral meristems | cylinders of dividing cells extending along the length of roots and shoots, replace the epidermis with secondary dermal tissue like bark |
primary plant body | consists of the three tissue system: dermal vascular, and ground tissues |
root cap | physically protects the delicate meristem as the root elongates through the abrasive soil |
zone of cell division | includes the apical meristem and its derivatives, called primary meristems |
quiescent center | a population of cells that divide much more slowly that the other meristemic cells, relatively resistant to chemicals and damage |
protoderm | the outermost primary meristem which gives rise to the roots and shoots |
procambium | a primary meristem of roots and shoots that form vascular tissue |
ground meristem | a primary meristem that gives rise to ground tissue in plants |
zone of elongation | the cells elongate ten times their original size |
zone of maturation | cells of the root begin to specialize in structure and function, three tissue systems produced by primary growth complete their differentiation |
stele | which is the vascular bundle where both xylem and phloem develop |
pith | the central core of parenchyma cells, which is ringed by vascular tissue with an alternating pattern of xylem and phloem |
cortex | the region of the root between the stele epidermis |
endodermis | innermost layer of the cortex, a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and the stele |
lateral roots | arise from the outermost layer of the stele |
pericycle | a layer of cells that may become meristemic and begin dividing again |
vascular bundles | vascular tissue which runs the length of a stem |
stomata | tiny pores flanked by guard cells on leaves |
guard cells | special cells that surround the stomata |
transpiration | water loss by plant evaporation |
mesophyll | the area where the ground tissue of a leaf is sandwiched |
phase changes | gradual transition in vegetative growth from the juvenile to mature state |
secondary plant body | consists of tissues produced during this secondary growth in diameter |
vascular cambium growth | produces a secondary xylem and phloem |
cork cambium | produces a tough, thick covering for stems and roots that replaces the epidermis |
ray initials | are cambium cells that produce radical files or parachyma cells known as xylem rays and phloem rays |
fusiform initials | refers to the shape of the cambium cells within the vascular bundles |
periderm | the layers of cork cambium plus cork |
bark | all tissues external to the vascular cambium, phloem plus periderm |
lenticles | spongy regions of the bark that make it possible for living cells within the truck to exchange gases with the outside air for cellular respiration |