a & p
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| ----- is frequent need to void during the night whereas ------- is incontinence while sleep | nocturia; enuresis
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| which of the following is/are considered to be parts of the nephron? | nephron, renal tubules, peritubular capillaries
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| the functional unit of the kidney is | bowmans capsule
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| the movement of water, waste and useful substances from the glomerulus to Bowmans capsule is described as | glomerular filtration
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| this movement is made by the principle of | filtration
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| in the healthy kidney, which of the following substances are found in the renal tubule after tubular reabsorption | water and waste
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| in the healthy kidney which of the following substances are found in bowmans capsules after glomerular filtration | water, waste, and some useful substances
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| which of the following is another term fo a "bladder suspension and fixation" | Marshall-Marchetti
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| in renal failure the kidney no longer filters the blood and waste products are then excreted through other areas such as the----- we find symptoms of ------- | skin, uremic frost
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| the danger of conditions such as severe hypotension, nephrosclerosis, chronic glomerulonephritis, is that they can all lead to | renal failure
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| the movement of water and useful materials from the convoluted tubule back to the peritubular capillary is termed | tubular reabsorption
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| the cluster of capillaries which is surrounded by bowmans capsule is termed | glomerulus
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| the thinned walled tubule which collects water waste from this cluster it | bowmans capsule
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| anatomically the nephron bulb (glomerulus, bowmans capsule) is part of the | cortex
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| anatomically the collecting tubule is part of the | medulla
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| which of the following structures carries "urine" material and eventually drains into the renal pelvis | bowmans capsule
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| which of the following structures carries blood and will ultimately drain into the renal vein | glomerulus
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| through what process does necessary fluid return to circulation | tubular reabsorption
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| through what process do toxic waste materials and excess water leave circulation | glomerular filtration
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| which of the following indicates the minimum urine output for a healthy kidney per day | 1500ml
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| through which of the following routes is/are water/waste also expelled from the body | stool, skin, respiration
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| which of the following are abnormal constituents of urine | albumin, glucose
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| which of the following substances would be found in the blood carried by the afferent arteriole | waste (urea), excess water, blood cells
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| which of the following substances would be found in the blood carried by the efferent arteriole | blood cells
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| which of the following is necessary for glomerular filtration to occur | adequate blood pressure
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| which of the following hormones play a major role in regulation of fluid balance by the kidney | ADH
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| if sodium (salt) retention is increased it may be assumed that | water retention will be decreased
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| the "void reflex" of a normal bladder will be stimulated when amount of urine in the bladder reaches | 300-350 ml
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| because of its ability to expand, the normal bladder may hold up to or more than | 800ml
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| which of the following are characteristics of the ureters | peristaltic, approximately 10" long, have valves
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| in which of the following regions/cavities is the bladder found | pelvic cavity
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| in which of the following cavities/regions are the kidneys found | R/L upper quadrants R/L hypochondriac, region, pelvic cavity
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| the renal tubule may be subdivided into | proximal/distal tubule and loop of henle
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| which of the following structures play a major role in glomerular filtration | bowmans capsule and glomerulus
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| which of the following structures play a major role in tubular reabsorption | renal tubule and peritubular capillary
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| increased amount of nitrogenous salts and urea in the blood is termed | azotemia
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| which of the following terms describes involuntary urination during coughing and/or sneezing and/or laughing | stress incontinence
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| which of the following terms describes a bladder that has lost its sensation and contractility because of nerve damage from injury or prolonged catheterization | neurogenic bladder
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| which of the following procedures is done for the disorder | marshall-marchetti and bladder suspension
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| which of the following disorders involve a back-up of fluid (urine)into the renal pelvis | hydronephrosis
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| which of the following terms describes a kidney that tends to be displaced dowmwards | nephroptosis
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| which of the following is a non-infectious inflammation of the glomerulus and nephron leading to their degeneration, fluid retention and lack of proper filtration | glomerulonephritis
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| which of the following is an infectious inflammation of the glomerulus and nephron caused by a strep bacteria | glomerulonephitis
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| ureteral colic would be a symptom of which of the following conditions | ureteral calculi
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| which of the following terms describes a total suppression or lack of urine due to renal failure or blockage of the urinary tract | anuria
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| which of the following terms describes an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, commonly caused by renal disease | edema
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| which of the following terms describes a condition in which the urethra of the male becomes obstructed, due to the enlargement of the gland which encircles it | begnign prostatic hypertrophy
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| which of the following is a procedure done to correct the benign prostatic hypertrophy | trans urethral resection
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| which of the following terms describe the hardening and narrowing of the glomerulus and arteriole, leading to their degeneration | nephrosclerosis
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| list the following veins in order | 1. renal artery 2. afferent arteriole 3. glomerulus 4.peritubular capillary 5. renal vein
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| list the following in the correct sequence | 1. bowmans capsule 2 convoluted tubule 3. collecting tubes 4. renal pelvis 5. ureter
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| which of the following are removed from the blood to the convoluted tubule during tubular secretion | hydrogen, creatinine, and drugs
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| which of the following procedures is often performed for nephrolithiasis | lithotrispy
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| which of the following treatments for renal failure provide cleansing of the blood of metabolic wastes through a machine with catheters in patient veins | hemodialysis
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| which of the following treatments for renal failure provide cleansing of the blood of metabolic waste through a tube inserted into the abdominal cavity with dialysate solution draining in and sometime later the fluid w/ waste draining out by gravity | peritoneal dialysis
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| dysuria, oliguria, frequency, urgency and nocturia are frequently seen in symptoms of | BPH
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| dysuria | difficult urination
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| oliguria | difficult, scanty urine output
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| polyuria | excessive urine output
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| hematuria | presence of blood in the urine
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| uremia | presence of urine materials in the blood
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| anuria | absence of urine formation
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| which of the following is the term used for the upper, smaller chamber of the heart | artria
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| which of the following is the term used for the lower , larger chambers of the heart | ventricle
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| which of the following is the term used to describe the sac which encloses the heart | pericardium
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| which of the following is a branch of the aorta and feeds the cardiac muscle | coronary arteries
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| which of the following is characterized by midsternal chest pain with left arm pain which is provoked by exertion and relieved by rest | angina pectoris
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| intense, constrictive cardiac pain, sometimes with diaphoresis, nausea leading to tissue ischemia, injury and death is a definition of | myocardial infarction
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| use of and electrical defibrillator to convert the cardiac rhythm to normal is | defibrillate
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| which of the following is not one of the cardiac layers | endometrium
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| --------- blood is carried from the lungs to the LA through the ______ | oxygenated; pulmonary veins
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| --------- blood is carried from the RV to the lungs via the | deoxygenated pulmonary artery
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| -------- blood is carried from the system to the RA through the | deoxygenated; vena cava
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| -------- blood is carried to the system from the LV through the | oxygenated; aorta
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| the -------- lie/lies between the RA and RV | tricuspid
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| the --------- lie/lies at the junction of the aorta and LV | semilunar valve
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| the ------ lie/lies between the LA and LV | mitral valve
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| the mitral valve is the same as | the bicuspid valve
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| arteries have 3 layers the external is called, the middle is called, and the inner is called | externia, media, intima
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| which of the following terms describes hardening and narrowing of the arteries | arteriosclerosis
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| which of the following terms describes the deposit of fatty plaques along the aterial intima, causing a narrowed lumen | atherosclerosis
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| which of the following is a direct effect of the two conditions of arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis | hypotension
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| which of the following diseases is a characterized by spasm of the peripheral vessels of the fingers and toes; thereby causing ischemia of these area | Raynauds disease
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| the period of heart contraction is called-------- the period of heart relaxation is called------- | systole and diastole
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| which of the following comprise the conduction system | SA node, Av node, bundle of his and branches, purkinjie system
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| which of the following are major characteristics of veins | thin walls, low pressure valves
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| which are the major characteristic of arteries | thick walls, high pressure, no valves
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| arteries always carry blood ---- heart and usually have--- blood; veins always carry blood----- and have ------- blood | away from oxygenated; to deoxygenated
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| as the blood leaves the heart it is carried by-----, which branch off into----. which lead to the --- where gaseous exchange takes place | arteries. arterioles, capillaries
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| as the blood leaves the------(where it picks up carbon dioxide) it is carried by tiny vessels called ------ and gradually they branch into larger vessels--------- | capillaries, venules, and veins
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| in systemic capillaries, as the blood enters it drops off------ into the tissue and picks up------- | oxygen, carbon dioxide
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| in the pulmonary capillaries , the situation is the exact opposite. As the blood enters from the heart it drops off ------ and picks up----- before returning | carbon dioxide, oxygen
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| which of the following terms describes "a sudden failure of circulation" | shock
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| abnormal cardiac sounds that are caused by a structural disorder | organic heart murmur
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| a common sound frequently heard in young women and children that causes no difficulties | functional heart murmur
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| a congenital heart disease and consists of a group of four specific structural abnormalities occurring together | tetralogy of fallot
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| ------- is a narrowing of the vessel lumen and ---- ia a widening of the vessel | vasoconstriction; vasodilation
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| asystole | absence of heart contraction
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| anasarca | massive edema of thoracic cavity
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| bradycardia | heart rate of less than 60
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| tachycardia | heart rate of more than 100
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| palpitation | fluttering feeling & pounding in chest
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| varicose veins | swollen damaged veins
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| acrocyanosis | bluish tinge color of extremities
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| claudication | ischemia of lower extremities
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| aneurysm | weakened, bulging, wall of artery
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| hemorrhoids | swollen damaged veins of the rectum
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| echocardiograph | record of heart sounds
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| Doppler testing | study of blood flow
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| phonocardiography | record of heart sounds
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| electrocardiography | record of heart currents
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| angiography | study of vessels using dye
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| carotid | supplies head/ found at neck
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| subclavin | supplies upper extremities
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| popliteal | supplies calf/found at back of the knee
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| radial | supplies hand/thumb side of wrist
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| mesenteric | supplies intestines
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| vena cava | largest vein of the body, drains into RA
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| jugular | drains head
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| median basilic | routinely used for venipuncture
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| saphenous | drains foot, calf & thigh; longest vein of body
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| azygos | drains chest wall
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| the function of the respiratory system is to obtain----to be picked up by the blood from the ------ | oxygen; alveoli
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| Which of the following is described as divided passageways lined with the hair and mucus membrane? | nose
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| Which of the following extend out from behind the nose and sometimes become inflamed and congested? | Nasal Cavities
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| Which of the following are hollow areas of the skull bones which are highly susceptible to infection? | paranasal sinuses
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| Which of the following are responsible for the sense of smell? | olfactory cells
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| Which of the following is a combination of the throat and nasal cavities? | Nasopharynx
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| Which of the following extend from the walls of the pharynx and connect the respiratory system to the middle ear? | Eustachian Tubes
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| Which of the following organs is also called the windpipe and is made of cartilage and muscle? | trachea
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| The ____ is the organ of speech and speech is produced by the air from the lungs flowing over the ______ | larynx; vocal cords
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| Which of the following cover the trachea when swallowing to prevent aspiration? | Epiglottis
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| During aspiration, food/liquid enters ___ instead of the _____ | trachea; esophagus
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| Which of the following terms describes the initial two branches of the trachea? | bronchi
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| Which of the following enters or exits the lung at the hilum? | bronchi
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| Which of the following are considered to be part of the lung? | Alveoli, bronchioles and the bronchial tubes
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| Which of the following is/are the initial branches of the bronchi? | Bronchial tubes
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| Which of the following leads directly to the alveoli? | Terminal Bronchioles
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| During inhalation oxygen is drawn into the alveoli; during exhalation co2 is expelled from them; the co2 was dropped off here from the ___ which came from the _____ | Pulmonary artery; heart
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| Which of the following terms describes the space between the two lungs? | Mediastinum
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| Which of the following terms describes the lining which adheres to the lung? | Visceral pleura
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| Which of the following is responsible for the spread syndrome: that causes URI's? | Mucus membrane lining
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| The diaphragm is a dome-shaped organ which causes inhalation when it ___, doing so in response to a message sent by the ___, and carried by the _____. | Contracts; medulla; phrenic nerve
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| Which of the following is mainly responsible for the stimulation of the brain respiration? | Carbon Dioxide level of the blood
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| Which of the following terms describes an inflammation of the lung? | Pneumonitis
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| Which of the following conditions causes the alveoli to become thin, dilated, useless? | Asthma and emphysema
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| Which of the following is caused by swelling of the trachea; difficulty in expiration and wheezing? | Asthma
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| Which of the following is an infection of the alveoli and bronchioles; causing formation of exudate, which blocks these areas? | Pneumonia
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| Which of the following conditions is extremely communicable, caused by a pathogen traveling to the alveoli where it forms a tubercle, destroying this tissue, and seems to be increasing in current society? | tuberculosis
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| Irregularly fast, slow, shallow, deep respirations with total shoulder movement and at least a 20 second period of apnea; this describes | Cheyne-stokes respirations
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| Which of the following therms describes the inability to breath lying down? | orthopnea
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| Which of the following terms is used to describe the condition of increased CO2 in the cells with a drastic decrease in the O2 as well and is sometimes described as suffocation? | asphyxia
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| Which of the following conditions is simply an upper respiratory infection caused by a virus and frequently involves stomach and GI upset? | Influenza
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| The orthopneic position is: | sitting up at a 90 degree angle
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| A patient with emphysema has which of the following symptoms | CO2 trapped in alveoli and barrel-chest appearance
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| Lobar pneumonia is a serious condition because of its involvement of | alveoli of an entire lobe
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| circum-oral cyanosis is | A bluish tinge around the mouth
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| Which of the following procedures would be preformed to correct a deviated septum? | Rhinoplasty
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| Which of the following terms describes a collapse of the lung? | atelectasis
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| Which of the following describes air in the pleural cavity? | pneumothorax
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| Which of the following terms describes pus in the pleural cavity? | Empyema
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| Emphysema, CWP, and black lung disease are all forms of: | COPD
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| Which of the following disorders causes formation of a membrane in the pharynx and respiratory tract causing swelling of the pharynx? | Diphtheria
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| Which of the following is also termed whopping cough? | pertussis
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| Which of the following is an infection and thickening of the fluid separating the parietal and visceral pleura? | Pleural effusion
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| Which of the following terms describes abnormal rattling sounds(usually from mucus in the airways) heard during auscultation of the lung? | Rales
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| Which of the following terms Is used to describe a head cold? | Coryza
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| Ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal and maxillary are the four: | Paranasal sinuses
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| Dyspnea | Difficult breathing
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| Apnea | temporary cessation of breathing
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| Hyperpnea | abnormally deep and rapid respirations
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| Bradypnea | slow respiration
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| Tachypnea | rapid responses
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| anoxia | absence of or severe lack of oxygen
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| hypoxia | lack of air or proper amount of O2
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| asphyxia | increased CO2, decreases O2 in cells
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| ischemia | tissue lack of O2 caused by decreased blood
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| hyperventilation | extremely shallow respiration, may be rapid
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| tidal volume | 500cc. (normal breath- inhalation)
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| vital capacity | 4800 cc (max. exhaled after max. inhaled)
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| residual volume | 1200 cc (amount of air left after exhalation)
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| total lung capacity | 6000cc (inhalation and exhalation
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