Astronomy 4-5.4
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| electromagnetic radiation | changing electric and magnetic fields that travel through space and transfer energy from one place to another; examples are light and radio waves
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| wavelength | the distance between successive peaks or troughs of a wave, usually represented by a lowercase Greek lambda
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| nanometer | a unit of distance equaling one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to measure the wavelength of light
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| angstrom | a unit of distance commonly used to measure the wavelength of light
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| ultraviolet | the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths shorter than violet light, between visible light and X-rays
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| x-rays | electromagnetic waves with wavelengths shorter than ultraviolet light
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| gamma rays | the shortest-wavelength electromagnetic waves
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| photon | a quantum of electromagnetic energy that carries an amount of energy that depends inversely on its wavelength
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| atmospheric window | wavelength region in which our atmosphere is transparent - at visual, radio, and some infrared wavelengths
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| refracting telescope | a telescope that forms images by bending light with a lens
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| reflecting telescope | a telescope that forms images by reflecting light with a mirror
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| primary lens | in a refracting telescope, the largest lens
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| primary mirror | in a reflecting telescope, the largest mirror
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| eyepiece | a short-focal-length lens used to enlarge the image in a telescope. the lens nearest the eye
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| focal length | of a lens or mirror is the distance from that lens or mirror to the point where it focuses parallel rays of light
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| chromatic aberration | a distortion found in refracting telescopes because lenses focus different colors at slightly different distances. images are consequently surrounded by color fringes
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| optical telescope | telescope that gathers visible light
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| radio telescope | telescope that gathers radio radiation
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| light-gathering power | the ability of a telescope to collect light; proportional to the area of the telescope's primary lens or mirror
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| resolving power | the ability of a telescope to reveal fine detail. depends on the diameter of the telescope's primary lens or mirror
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| diffraction fringe | blurred fringe surrounding any image, caused by the wave properties of light. because of this, no image detail smaller than the fringe can be seen
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| interferometer | separated telescopes combined to produce a virtual telescope with the resolution of a much larger-diameter telescope
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| seeing | atmospheric conditions on a given night. when the atmosphere is unsteady, producing blurred images, the seeing is said to be poor
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| adaptive optics | a computer-controlled optical system in an astronomical telescope used to partially correct for seeing
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| magnifying power | the ability of a telescope to make an image larger
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| light pollution | the illumination of the night sky by waste light from cities and outdoor lighting, which prevents the observation of faint objects
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| sidereal tracking | the continuous movement of a telescope to keep it pointed at a star as Earth rotates
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| secondary mirror | can reflect the light through a hole in the primary mirror
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| cassegrain focus | focal arrangement that may be the most common form of astronomical telescope
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| newtonian focus | arrangement that Isaac Newton used in his first reflecting telescope, inconvenient for large telescopes
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| schmidt-cassegrain focus | a thin correcting plate improves the image but is too slightly curved to introduce serious chromatic aberration
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| photographic plate | the first image-recording device used with telescopes; it records the brightness of objects ,but with only moderate precision
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| photometer | sensitive astronomical instrument that measures the brightness of individual objects very precisely
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| charge-coupled device | an electronic device consisting of a large array of light-sensitive elements used to record very faint images
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| array detector | device for collecting and recording electromagnetic radiation using multiple individual detectors arrayed on the surface of a chip; for example, a CCD electronic camera
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| digitized | converted to numerical data that can be read directly into a computer memory for later analysis
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| false-color image | a representation of graphical data with added or enhanced color to reveal detail
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| spectrograph | a device that separates light by wavelengths to produce a spectrum
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| spectrum | a range of electromagnetic radiation spread into its component wavelengths (colors); for example, a rainbow
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| grating | a piece of material in which numerous microscopic parallel lines are scribed. light encountering a grating is dispersed to form a spectrum
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| spectral line | a feature in a spectrum at a specific wavelength produced by the absorption or emission of light by certain atoms
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| transits of venus | rare occasions when venus can be seen as a tiny dot directly between Earth and the sun
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| density | mass per volume
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| atom | the smallest unit of a chemical element, consisting of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons plus a surrounding cloud of electrons
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| nucleus | the central core of an atom containing protons and neutrons that carries a net positive charge
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| proton | a positively charged atomic particle contained in the nucleus of a hydrogen atom
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| neutron | an atomic particle with no charge and about the same mass as a proton
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| isotope | a form of an atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
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| electron | low-mass atomic particle carrying a negative charge
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| molecule | two or more atoms bonded together
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| heat | energy contained in matter in the form of agitation of its particles
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| temperature | a measure of the agitation among the atoms and molecules of a material
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| Kelvin temperature | a temperature scale using Celsius degrees and based on zero being equal to absolute zero
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| absolute zero | he theoretical lowest possible temperature at which a material contains no extractable heat energy. zero on the Kelvin temperature scale
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| blackbody radiation | spectrum of radiation emitted by an ideal perfect radiator. the spectrum is continuous and its characteristics depend only on the object's temperature
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| wavelength of maximum intensity | the wavelength at which the radiation emitted by a glowing object is most intense. depends inversely on the object's temperature
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| wien's law | the hotter a glowing object is, the shorter will be its wavelength of maximum intensity, inversely proportional to its temperature
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| stefan-boltzmann law | hotter objects emit more energy than cooler objects of the same size, in proportion to the fourth power of temperature
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| photosphere | the bright visible surface of the sun
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| sunspot | relatively dark spot on the sun that contains intense magnetic fields
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| granulation | the fine structure of bright grains with dark edges covering the sun's surface
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| convection | circulation in a fluid driven by heat. hot material rises and cool material sinks
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| coulomb force | the electrostatic force of repulsion or attraction between charged bodies
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| ion | an atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons
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| ionization | the process in which atoms lose or gain electrons
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| binding energy | the energy needed to pull an electron away from its atom
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| quantum mechanics | the study of behavior of atoms and atomic particles
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| permitted orbit | one of the unique orbits that an electron may occupy in an atom
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| energy level | one of a number of states an electron may occupy in an atom, depending on its binding energy
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| excited atom | an atom in which an electron has moved from a lower to a higher energy level
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| ground state | the lowest permitted electron energy level in an atom
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| quantum jump | jumps of electrons from one orbit or energy state to another
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| doppler effect | the change in the wavelength of radiation due to relative radial motion of source and observer
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| blueshift | a doppler shift toward shorter wavelengths caused by a velocity of approach
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| redshift | a doppler shift toward longer wavelengths caused by a velocity of recession
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| radial velocity | that component of an object's velocity directed away from or toward the observer
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