BSC 216 Test #3
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| Which of the following is an organ of the alimentary canal? | esophagus
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| What separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity? | hard palate and soft palate
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| What is the main job of the pharynx? | propulsion
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| What region of the stomach does food first enters after its passage through the relaxed gastroesophageal sphincter? | cardia
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| Chief cells release: | pepsinogen
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| What is the final segment of the small intestine? | ileum
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| Which modification of the small intestine creates a brush border appearance upon microscopic examination? | microvilli
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| Peristaltic contractions that propel the contents of the colon toward the distal large intestine are: | mass movements.
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| What can we consciously control about the defecation reflex? | relaxation of the external anal sphincter
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| What cells compose the liver lobules? | hepatocytes
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| Which of the following does NOT transport bile? | accessory pancreatic duct
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| What enzyme catalyzes reactions that initiate carbohydrate digestion? | salivary amylase
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| Absorption is best described as the: | movement of food particles through the wall of the alimentary canal.
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| Damaged hepatocytes will impair: | bile production.
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| Cherise is lactose-intolerant because she produces insufficient amounts of an enzyme called: | lactase.
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| What is the first process to occur in the digestive system? | ingestion
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| Splanchnic circulation involves the blood supply that feeds and drains: | abdominal digestive organs.
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| The digestive system is regulated by the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems. | True
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| What creates the mesentery? | visceral peritoneum
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| The crown of a tooth is covered by: | enamel
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| Carbohydrate digestion begins in the: | mouth
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| What is released by the enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands? | gastrin
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| Which hormone increases acid secretion by the stomach? | gastrin
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| The stomach differs anatomically from other organs of the alimentary canal because it has an additional oblique layer of muscularis externa for churning. | True
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| What is released by the enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands? Which hormone increases acid secretion by the stomach? | gastrin
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| The stomach differs anatomically from other organs of the alimentary canal because it has an additional oblique layer of muscularis externa for churning. | True
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| At the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the: | descending colon.
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| The final process to occur in the alimentary canal is: | defecation.
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| The internal anal sphincter is controlled involuntarily while the external anal sphincter is controlled voluntarily. | True
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| What is responsible for the emulsification of lipids in the duodenum? | bile
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| What best exemplifies enzymatic hydrolysis? | nutrient breakdown
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| Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of lactose into glucose and galactose? | lactase
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| Emulsification requires: | bile salts
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| In which organ is chyme mixed with pancreatic juice and bile? | duodenum
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| Which organ functions to absorb significant quantities of water, electrolytes, and vitamins? | large intestine
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| The breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose in the body is classified as: | catabolism.
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| Substances that lose electrons are said to be: | oxidized
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| Electron transfer reactions are termed oxidation-____ reactions. | reduction
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| Which of the following is NOT true of glycolysis? | Four molecules of NADH are spent.
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| What molecule is both the starting compound and end result of the citric acid cycle? | oxaloacetate
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| What part of a triglyceride undergoes β-oxidation? | fatty acids
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| The release of urea in the urine is a mechanism for the body to rid itself of: | ammonia
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| What molecule cannot be used for gluconeogenesis? | fatty acid
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| The total amount of energy expended by the body to power all of its processes is called: | the metabolic rate.
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| What part of the brain is involved in thermoregulation? | hypothalamus
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| How are vitamins classified? | micronutrients
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| Select the two factors upon which body mass index depends. | height and weight
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| A mutation has damaged the formation of oxaloacetate. What process will be impaired? | citric acid cycle
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| Under normal conditions, where should we expect to see most urea? | urine
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| Which of the following is NOT a nutrient monomer used by the body to generate ATP? | nucleic acids
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| What process involves the donation of a phosphate group from ATP to a reactant to “pay” for a cellular process? | phosphorylation
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| Reactions in which smaller molecules are combined to make a larger molecule are known as anabolic reactions. | true
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| What is NOT required for glycolysis to occur? | What is NOT required for glycolysis to occur?
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| How many net ATP are produced as a result of glycolysis? | 2 ATP
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| Carbon dioxide is formed during the electron transport chain (ETC). | False
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| Which of the following results from the lipolysis of a triglyceride? | glycerol and fatty acids
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| From which of the following are ketone bodies assembled during ketogenesis? | acetyl-CoA
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| What two products can be generated from the transamination of an amino acid? | a carbon skeleton and the amino acid glutamate
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| The process of storing glucose as glycogen is known as: | glycogenesis
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| The majority of the body's energy is stored as: | triglycerides.
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| The synthesis of fatty acids is known as lipolysis. | False
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| Which hormone stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells, lowering the concentration of glucose in the blood? | insulin
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| Feeding centers are located in the: | hypothalamus
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| Feeding occurs during the absorptive state. | False
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| Heat is exchanged between the body and the environment by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT: | precipitation
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| Thermoregulation involves a steady core body temperature near: | 37.5 °C (99.5 °F)
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| Calorimetry is used to measure the basal metabolic rate (BMR). | true
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| Fruits, honey, candy, and juices are dietary sources of: | monosaccharides and disaccharides.
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| Which statement is true regarding complete proteins? | Complete proteins provide all of the essential amino acids.
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| Which of these vitamins is water-soluble? | vitamin C
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| The indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the __________. | hilum
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| The functional units of the kidneys are __________. | nephrons
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| Urine drains from a major calyx into __________. | the renal pelvis
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| Where does blood in the arcuate artery travel next on its journey toward the glomerulus? | interlobular (cortical radiate) artery
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| The portion of the renal tubule through which filtrate initially flows is known as the __________. | proximal tubule
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| What should NOT be found in filtrate? | albumin
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| The glomerular filtration rate is defined as __________. | the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute
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| The myogenic mechanism acts to restore glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by changing __________. | vessel diameter
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| What will NOT stimulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)? | an increase in systemic blood pressure
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| Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, EXCEPT __________. | increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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| Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the filtrate into the cells of the proximal tubule is by __________. | secondary active transport
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| Substances used to measure renal clearance should be __________. | filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted
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| What effect does high blood pressure have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the absence of regulatory mechanisms? | GFR will increase.
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| A drug that inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to __________. | decreased blood pressure
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| Dilute urine is more likely to be produced when __________. | the collecting duct is impermeable to water
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| Urine is transported from kidney to the urinary bladder by the __________. | ureter
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| What is NOT a major function of the kidneys? | hematopoiesis
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| Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys to __________. | regulate red blood cell production by the bone marrow
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| In which kidney region are the renal pyramids located? | renal medulla
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| What are the two main subdivisions of the nephron? | renal corpuscle and renal tubule
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| The process of filtration occurs at the __________. | renal corpuscle
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| Which statement best describes the function of tubular reabsorption? | Tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood.
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| Filtrate and whole blood contain identical constituents. | False
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| What is the normal value for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in mL/min? | 125
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| Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP) is created by __________. | proteins such as albumin in the blood
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| What is net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerular capillaries, in mm Hg? | 10
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| Which of the following is an effect of angiotensin-II (A-II)? | A-II promotes thirst.
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| The reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule helps regulate __________. | blood pH
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| Which hormones promote facultative water reabsorption? | aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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| The majority of sodium ions are reclaimed through sodium ion leak channels in the proximal tubule. | true
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| How much urine, in liters, is typically produced in a 24 hour period? | 1.8
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| What does the countercurrent mechanism accomplish in the nephron loop? | creation of a steep concentration gradient for continued water reabsorption
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| The juxtamedullary apparatus acts as a special vascular system called the countercurrent exchanger. | False
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| Countercurrent multiplication and exchange occurs in the __________. | nephron loop and vasa recta
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| Where does ADH promote water reabsorption? | medullary collecting duct
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| Each of the following is typical of urine EXCEPT __________. | a pH of 3.0
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| Renal clearance is defined as __________. | the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood
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| What is renal clearance used to estimate? | glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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| The trigone of the urinary bladder is created by __________. | the openings to the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice
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| What initiates the micturition reflex? | Stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder signal the sacral region of the spinal cord.
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| Voluntary neural control is necessary for __________. | relaxation of the external urethral sphincter
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