Igneous Rocks
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| Igneous Rocks | Rocks formed through the cooling and crystallization of molten rock; the starting point of the rock cycle
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| Magma | Molten rock beneath the surface; hotter than the surrounding rock and has lower density and migrates upward through bedrock.
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| Lava | Magma erupted at the surface; hot enough to melt.
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| Felsic Rocks | >65% Silica (Si); Abundant in Sodium, Potassium, and Aluminum; Has little calcium, Iron, and Magnesium.
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| Mafic Rocks | <52% Silica (Si); Abundant in Calcium, Iron and Magnesium; Has little Sodium, Potassium and Aluminum.
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| Viscosity | The resistance to flow; Water is low and maple syrup is high in this.
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| Composition | High silica increases viscosity
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| Temperature | increases, viscosity lowers
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| Pressure | lowers, viscosity lowers
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| Dissolved Gases | increases, viscosity lowers
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| Lava Flows | low viscosity
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| Pyroclastic Materials | high viscosity
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| Extrusive Igneous Rocks | Formed by lava at the surface; tend to crystallize rapidly; small crystals form; AKA volcanic rocks
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| Intrusive Igneous Rocks | Formed from magma that cools in the crust; tend to crystallize slowly; larger crystals form; AKA plutonic rocks
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| Igneous textures | Based on the size of the mineral crystals
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| Aphanitic (I.T) | Fine-grained crystals; fast cooling; crystal nucleation is greater than crystal growth
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| Phaneritic (I.T) | Coarse-grained crystals; slow cooling; crystal nucleation is less than crystal growth
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| Porphyritic (I.T) | Variable crystal size; Phenocrysts are larger crystals; Groundmass are finer crystals
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| Pyroclastic (V.T) | Fragmental material; Volcanic ash and bombs; Tuffs and wielded tuffs
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| Glassy (V.T) | No crystals - not a true mineral; Extremely rapidly cooling
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| Vesicular (V.T) | Contains numerous small holes
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| Primary Minerals | Quartz, K Feldspar, Plagioclase Feldspar, Biotite, Hornblende, Pyroxene, Olivine
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| Ultramafic Rocks | Very low Silica Content <45%; Generally green or black; very high density
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| Mafic Rocks | Low Silica content 45%-52%; Usually dark green, grey or black; high density
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| Intermediate Rocks | Moderate Silica content 53%-65%; Wide range of colors; moderate density
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| Felsic Rocks | High silica content >65%; light color; lower density
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| Bowen's Reaction Series | Mafic, Intermediate and Felsic rocks can all arise from the same source magma; Higher melting Temp for the minerals higher on the list and lower melting T for minerals lower on the list; Translates to mineral stability
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| Discontinuous Series | Contains ferromagnesium silicates
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| Continuous Series | Contains only non-ferromagnesium silicates
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| Assimilation | Country Rock- the surrounding rocks in which magma intrudes; Consumed/melted by magma
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| Crystal Settling/Fractional Crystallization | Crystals form and sink to the bottom of the melt because they are more dense, specifically the minerals higher on the Bowen's Reaction Series settle first.
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| Magma Mixing | Different magma may converge into one chamber and mix; mixing of mafic magma with felsic magma would create intermediate magma
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| Spreading Zones | Cracks in the ocean floor where magma breaches and is quenched by ocean water
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| Subduction Zones | Crust is partially melted as it subsides into the mantle; Ocean sediments and Silicon rich continental crust are incorporated into the melt, making the magma more felsic
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| Pyroclastic Flows | Ash and lava fragments in the air, buoyantly supported by the vapor
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| Lahars | Mix of water, mud, ash, and pyroclastic material
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| Hot Spots | Regions where mantle plumes breach the crust (ocean or continental) and form deposits; Mafic rocks
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| Phreatic Eruptions | Incredibly explosive eruptions that occur when rising magma reaches groundwater and vaporizes the water into steam quickly
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| Pluton | Collective term for intrusive igneous bodies that may be tabular, cylindrical, or massive including: Dikes, sills, laccoliths, volcanic pipes, batholiths, and stocks
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| Concordant Plutons | Boundaries parallel the layering of the host country rock
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| Discordant Plutons | Boundaries cut across the host country rock
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| Dike | Discordant tabular igneous body that cuts across the structure of adjacent rocks or massive rocks
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| Sill | Tabular igneous body that parallels the structure of surrounding rocks
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| Laccolith | A concordant igneous body that has a domed upper surface, a flat lower surface parallel to the surrounding rock and is fed by a dike at its thickest point
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| Volcanic Pipes | The central portion of a volcano through which magma is transported
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| Volcanic Neck | Vertical pipe-like intrusion that represents a former volcanic vent/pipe
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| Batholith | Large, usually discordant plutonic mass that covers mroe than 100 square kilometers at the Earth surface, with no known base
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| Stock | A plutonic mass that covers less than 100 square kilometers at the Earth surface, that is usually discordant but not always
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Created by:
FaithRaquel2015
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