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what is jaundice

excess bilirubin

Source, Target, Type, Action of Growth Hormone

Anterior Pituitary Gland, systemic, non steroid, makes things grow (bones, muscle)

Source, Target, Type, Action of Thyroid-Stimulating (tsh)

Anterior Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, non-steroid, influences metabolism

Source, Target, Type, Action of Adreno-corticotroptic (acth)

Anterior pituitary gland, adrenal cortex, non-steroid, regulates adrenal activity (controls)

Source, Target, Type, Action of Prolactin (PRL)

Anterior Pituitary Gland, Mammary gland, non steroid, makes milk

Source, Target, Type, Action of Luteinizing(LH)

Anterior Pituitary gland, gonads, non steroid, stimulate sex organs

Source, Target, Type, Action of follicle-stimulating (fsh

anterior pituitary gland, gonads, turns on gonads

Source, Target, Type, Action of Anti-diuretic (ADH

hypothalamus, kidneys, non steroid, reabsorb water

Source, Target, Type, Action of oxytocin )OT(

hypothalamus, smooth muscle (uterous) nonsteroid, stimulates milk and gets baby out

Source, Target, Type, Action of Thyroid (t3 &t4)

thyroid gland, systemic, non steroid, Controls rate of metabolism

Source, Target, Type, Action of Calcitonin

Thyroid gland, systemic, decreases blood calcium levels (by taking it out of blood and building bones osteoblasts)

Source, Target, Type, Action of Parathyroid (PTH)

Parathyroid gland, oseteoclast, non steroid, raises blood calcium levels (by taking bone, destroying it and releasing the calcium into the blood)

Source, Target, Type, Action of Mineral corticoids (aldosterone)

adrenal cortex, systemic (kidney tubules), STEROID, regulates water and electrolyte balance in cells (salt content)

Source, Target, Type, Action of glucocorticoids (cortisol)

adrenal cortex, systemic, STEROID, raise blood glucose levels during stress (quickly)

Source, Target, Type, Action of Androgens (sex hormones)

Adrenal cortex & gonads, systemic, steroids, stimulates sex organ growth, muscle mass, secondary sex organs

Source, Target, Type, Action of insulin

pancreas islets beta, systemic, non steroid, lower blood sugar levels

Source, Target, Type, Action of glucagon

pancreas islets alpha, systemic and liver, non steroid, raises blood sugar level

Source, Target, Type, Action of melatonin

pineal gland, brain, non steroid, inhibits precocious sex and promotes sleep.

Source, Target, Type, Action of Atrial Naturetic

Heart, Kidney, non steroid, gets rid of salt

Which organs are responsible for removing old blood cells from the body

liver and spleen

which hormones are direct antagonists

calcitonin and pth, insulin and glucagon, aldosterone and anp

what are tropic hormones

hormones that direct the action of other hormones (Management)

what are the tropic hormones

TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH

What are releasing hormones

hormones that direct the tropic hormones

location of synthesis of releasing hormones and job

they are made in the hypothalamus and sent out the anterior pituitary gland

receptor types

photo, chemical, mechanical, baro, thermo-

vision pathway

cornea, aqueas humor, pupil, lens, vitrious humor, retina, to rods and cones...light detection for r & c is pigment (rhodipsin) to opsin to pde which closes sodium channels and turns off nerves and sends a "negative" to the occipital lobe

sound pathway

sound starts in external ear, hits ear drum, vibrates ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) that vibrates cochlea which is filled with fluid and vibrates the little hair cells connected to cranial nerves and sends to temporal lobe

ear balance pathway

move head, moves fluid in semi-circular canals, moves hairs connected to nerves to cerebellum

steps to determine balance

1. vision. 2. dynamic equilibrium 3. static equilibrium. 4 proprioreceptors (muscles

static ear balance

rocks fall with gravity, otoliths "ear Rocks", move hairs and talk to cerebellum

normal hemocrit

45%

amenia types

iron deficiency, hemorragic, b12 deficiency, sicle cell amenia

blood jobs

transportation of gasses, nutrients, waste

components of blood

rbc, wbc, platlets

rbcs

red blood cells- carry gasses (oxygen and co2), made in bone marrow

wbcs

immunity - lukacites

platlets

important for clotting

plasma

watery medium that plasma floats in. contains waste, nutrients, gasses

When oxygen levels are low...

more EPO is made and sent from the Liver and Kidneys to tell the bone marrow to make more blood.

getting rid of old RBC's

starts in liver and spleen where the liver takes out the iron (done by transferrin), amino acids go to the plasma, rest goes to bilirindin to the bile to bilirubin in liver and gallbladder to intestines and end in rectum.

universal donor blood type

universal blood type reciepent

ab+

getting cut repair steps

vessel spasm (shrinks, vasoconstruct). platlet plug. clotting

clotting cascade

Tissue factor > PF3 > X > Prothrombin Activator > makes thrombin which makes fibrin (clotting) and plasmin (clot destroyer)

TPA - tissue plasmin activator

for stroke victims

Heart anatomy

2 atrium and 2 ventricles (chambers)

arteries move...

away from the heart

veins move...

to the heart

Pulmonary circut

trips to the lungs

Systemic circut

trips to everywhere else in the body

Blood pathway

in through the superior/inferior vena cava to the RA through Tricuspid valve > RV out the Pulmonary artery > lungs > Pulmonary Vein > LA through Bicuspid valve > LV > out the Aorta to body

Pulmonary side

Right side (used blood, lack of oxygen)

Systemic side

Left side (new blood, oxygen, red)

starley law

if you "prestretch" the heart you are able to get more blood in

cardiac cycle

ventricle fill with blood from atrium, ventricles systole (contract) and valves close behind blood, blood leaves via artery, isovolumetric relaxiation

Intrinsic Conduction System

SA Node (Pacemaker, P Wave, atria contract, Autorhythmic), AV Node (ventricles contract, autorhythmic, QRS wave), Reset (relaxing T-Wave)

Cardiac Action Potential

1. sodium goes in. 2. calcium in. (depolarization) Also the calcium in makes for a pause to fill the ventricles. Potassium out (repolarization)

cardiac output

heart rate (pulse) X stroke volume

Peripheral Nervous system

Somatic and Autonomic, Sensory and Motor, Basically everything in the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord

Somatic is...

voluntary and controls the skeletal muscles

autonomic is...

involuntary and controls the smooth muscles

Sensory pns is...

input and to the brain

motor pns is...

output and moving away from the brain

Diaphragm rhyme

Phrenic nerve. Cervical plexus. c3 c4 c5 keep the diaphragm alive

ascending nerve characteristics

from body to brain, sensory

descending nerve characteristics

from the brain to the body, motor

Reflex steps (6)

1. stimulus 2. sensor/receptor 3. sensory neuron 4. area of spinal cord/plexus 5. motor neuron 6. effector (muscle)

interneurons

they go up and down the spine, across the spine, sends messages to the brain (learning), antagonist inhibition (tells the opposite muscle to relax)

ipsi-lateral

reflex occurs on same side as stimulus

contralateral

when reflex occurs on opposite side of stimulus

meninges function

surround the cns, protects and cushions

cerebral-spinal fluid function

shock absorbers, cushions, blood brain barrier

spinal tap location

lumbar (more space to work inside of

Brain Stem parts

Medulla oblongata, Pons

Diencephalon parts

hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus

cerebrum parts

parietal lobe, frontal lobe, occiptial lobe, temporal lobe

cerebellum parts

abor vitea, vermis

medulla oblongata function

basic life support, breathing, heart

pons function

means bridge, connects the brain stem to the rest of the brain or "high brain", regulates breathing

thalamus function

relay center, router, switchboard. Directs traffic - sorts the messages and gets them from the spine to the parts of brain.

hypothalamus function

homeostasis

epithalamus function

makes cerebral spinal fluid

Meninges anatomy

Dura mater (outermost), arachnoid mater (middle), pia mater (innermost).

Subarachnoid space function

place where the csf lies

csf pathway

1. epithalamus. 2. fill ventricles (center of brain). 3. travel through "cerebral aqueduct". 4. central canal. 5. leaks from the medularis conas into subarachnoid space of spine. 6. up the outside of spine to outside the brain. 7. out the arachnoid villi.

cerebellum function

coordination or balance

mesencephalon parts

corpara quadrigemina (reflexes visual and audio) rubro area (red nucleus or muscle tone, tells muscles to keep going) Ras (awareness or consciences)

occipital lobe funcion

visual

temporal lobe function

nose and hearing

parietal lobe function

sensory, understanding words (wernickes)

frontal lobe function

motor functions, recognition (thinking and personality, making words (brocas areas)

dominant hemisphere

the location of the Broca's area

cns 1

olfactory, smell, sensory

cns 2

optic, sight, sensory

cns 3

oculomotor, moves eye, motor

cns 4

trochlear, moves eye, motor

cns 5

trigeminal, jaws and teeth, both

cns 6

abducens, moves eye, motor

cns 7

facial, face and expressions, both

cns 8

vestbulo cochlea, hearing and balance, sensory

cns 9

glossopharngeal, tongue throat, both

cns 10

vasus, heart/guts, both

cns 11

accessory, neck muscles, motor

cns 12

hypoglossal, throat, motor

Mirror nerve location

Frontal Lobe, Pre-motor cortex, (planning movement

Mirror nerve function

lack of empathy

Limbic system parts and funtion

Parts: Hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus. Function: Emotional system, keeps you from doing something stupid. Memory

Muscles the ANS talks to

Involuntary

ANS is controlled by

limbic system: Sympathatic or Parasympathetic

Sympathetic wire location

thoraco-Lumbar region

Parasympathetic wire locations

cranial-sacral region

Sympathetic characteristics

fight or flight

parasympathetic charasteristics

rest and digest

sympathetic neuron charasteristics

short 1st neuron, long 2nd neuron or short pregangleonic fiber and long post ganglionic fiber

parasympathetic neuron charasteristics

long 1st neuron, short 2nd neuron or long pre-gangleonic fiber and short post-ganglionic fiber

sympathetic neurotransmitters

Acetylocholine from pre to post and epinephrine (adreneline) to organ

Parasympathetic neurotransmitters

acetelocholine from pre to post and to organ

Ascending tracts

spino-cerebellum, spino-thalamic, dorsal columns.

decending tracts

cortisospinal, rubrospinal, reticulospinal

spino cerebellar

doesn't cross, balance

spino thalmic

pain and temp, crosses at spine and then goes up

dorsal columns

touch, crosses at the medula oblongatta

cortisospinal

voluntary motor, crosses at medula oblongatta

rubrospinal

muscle tone (keeping your back straight so you don't fall over), crosses at the medula obsongatta

reticulospinal

muscle tone (keeping your back straight so you don't fall over), crosses at the medula obsongatta

a drug that works to block a receptor is what?

antagonist

Ach (acetacholine) recptors affect which system

parasympathetic system

drugs that affect the sympathetic system are...

androgenic

drugs that affect the parasympathetic system are...

cholinergic

alpha drugs affect...

everywhere

Beta 1 drugs affect

the heart

beta 2 drugs affect

the lungs

Atenolol

beta 1 blocker (antagonist)

Propranolol

beta 1 and beta 2 blocker

prazosin

alpha 1 blocker

atropine

ach blocker

phenylephrine

alpha 1 agonist

dobutamine

beta 1 agonist

albuterol

beta 2 agonist

norepinephrine

alpha 1 and 2, beta 1 agonist (predominantly alpha 1 agonist)

what sound makes the lub

tricuspid and bicuspid valves

what sound makes the dub

pulmonary and aortic valves

what is a ventricular septal defect

a hole in the heart

ventricular diastole

ventricular relaxation

factors affecting blood pressure

vasoconstriction (smaller pipes more pressure), hemocrit (how many rbc you have, and viscosity, thicker blood pressure goes up harder to push), vessel length, more fat means more tissue to service (pressure goes up)

short term bp regulation

Nerves responsible, baroreceptors in neck say we need more blood, (sympathetic response), brain gets epinephrine to heart, heart beats like crazy

long term bp regulation

hormones responsible, kidney makes renin > angiotensin I > to lungs to make > angiotensin II converts to ACE enzyme goes to adrenal gland to make Alderstone. more alterstone, more salt, keeps water, water goes to plasma higher plasma lower blood pressure

cappilary components

sphincter, when open blood goes from artery to vein through the capillarries. when low 0xygen they open when high co2 they open and when 2 much waste. negative feedback dictates opening

dynamic equilibrium is

semi-circular ducts

Layers for immunity

skin, hair, cillia, mucus, tears, saliva, sweat, oil, wax, urine, stomach acid, vaginal acid

inflammation for immunity

red hot big, because of increased blood flow and more wbc

neutrophil function

eats bad things

histamine function

chemical messenger to promote swelling and or blood flow

lymphocyte function

immune response

monocyte function

macrophage (eats)

eosinophil function

attacks parasites

basophils function

releases histamine

layers of immunity

1. protection (skin and liquids). 2. inflammation (increased blood flow). 3. lymph system (drainage system). 4. immune response (killers)

lymph system function

drainage system, teh extra fluid is "lymph" and the lymph nodes are filters to the heart

lymphocyte cell types

b cell and t cell

immune response pathway

1. b-cell grabs invader. 2. waits for orders. 3. t-cell orders "cytokines" to clone b-cell so they will have proper receptor. 5. 2 clone cell types plasma cell clone to release antibodies and sleeper cells to remember the invader

Ig rhyme

IGA'S flow away, IGD is on the B, IGE is allergy, IGG is bloody baby, IGM is first membranie

iga place and function

mucosal layer, body fluid, tears, saliva, milk. they stop attachment and keep things from coming in

igd place and function

found on b-cell. They grab invaders

ige place and function

found skin, intestines, respiratory system. It triggers the release of histamine and gets inflamation rolling

Igg place and function

plasma, main antibody/fighter for baby, crosses placenta

igm place and function

attached to b-cell, first one made