Source, Target, Type, Action of Androgens (sex hormones)
Adrenal cortex & gonads, systemic, steroids, stimulates sex organ growth, muscle mass, secondary sex organs
Source, Target, Type, Action of insulin
pancreas islets beta, systemic, non steroid, lower blood sugar levels
Source, Target, Type, Action of glucagon
pancreas islets alpha, systemic and liver, non steroid, raises blood sugar level
Source, Target, Type, Action of melatonin
pineal gland, brain, non steroid, inhibits precocious sex and promotes sleep.
Source, Target, Type, Action of Atrial Naturetic
Heart, Kidney, non steroid, gets rid of salt
Which organs are responsible for removing old blood cells from the body
liver and spleen
which hormones are direct antagonists
calcitonin and pth, insulin and glucagon, aldosterone and anp
what are tropic hormones
hormones that direct the action of other hormones (Management)
what are the tropic hormones
TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH
What are releasing hormones
hormones that direct the tropic hormones
location of synthesis of releasing hormones and job
they are made in the hypothalamus and sent out the anterior pituitary gland
receptor types
photo, chemical, mechanical, baro, thermo-
vision pathway
cornea, aqueas humor, pupil, lens, vitrious humor, retina, to rods and cones...light detection for r & c is pigment (rhodipsin) to opsin to pde which closes sodium channels and turns off nerves and sends a "negative" to the occipital lobe
sound pathway
sound starts in external ear, hits ear drum, vibrates ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) that vibrates cochlea which is filled with fluid and vibrates the little hair cells connected to cranial nerves and sends to temporal lobe
ear balance pathway
move head, moves fluid in semi-circular canals, moves hairs connected to nerves to cerebellum
rocks fall with gravity, otoliths "ear Rocks", move hairs and talk to cerebellum
normal hemocrit
45%
amenia types
iron deficiency, hemorragic, b12 deficiency, sicle cell amenia
blood jobs
transportation of gasses, nutrients, waste
components of blood
rbc, wbc, platlets
rbcs
red blood cells- carry gasses (oxygen and co2), made in bone marrow
wbcs
immunity - lukacites
platlets
important for clotting
plasma
watery medium that plasma floats in. contains waste, nutrients, gasses
When oxygen levels are low...
more EPO is made and sent from the Liver and Kidneys to tell the bone marrow to make more blood.
getting rid of old RBC's
starts in liver and spleen where the liver takes out the iron (done by transferrin), amino acids go to the plasma, rest goes to bilirindin to the bile to bilirubin in liver and gallbladder to intestines and end in rectum.
Tissue factor > PF3 > X > Prothrombin Activator > makes thrombin which makes fibrin (clotting) and plasmin (clot destroyer)
TPA - tissue plasmin activator
for stroke victims
Heart anatomy
2 atrium and 2 ventricles (chambers)
arteries move...
away from the heart
veins move...
to the heart
Pulmonary circut
trips to the lungs
Systemic circut
trips to everywhere else in the body
Blood pathway
in through the superior/inferior vena cava to the RA through Tricuspid valve > RV out the Pulmonary artery > lungs > Pulmonary Vein > LA through Bicuspid valve > LV > out the Aorta to body
Pulmonary side
Right side (used blood, lack of oxygen)
Systemic side
Left side (new blood, oxygen, red)
starley law
if you "prestretch" the heart you are able to get more blood in
cardiac cycle
ventricle fill with blood from atrium, ventricles systole (contract) and valves close behind blood, blood leaves via artery, isovolumetric relaxiation
Intrinsic Conduction System
SA Node (Pacemaker, P Wave, atria contract, Autorhythmic), AV Node (ventricles contract, autorhythmic, QRS wave), Reset (relaxing T-Wave)
Cardiac Action Potential
1. sodium goes in. 2. calcium in. (depolarization) Also the calcium in makes for a pause to fill the ventricles. Potassium out (repolarization)
cardiac output
heart rate (pulse) X stroke volume
Peripheral Nervous system
Somatic and Autonomic, Sensory and Motor, Basically everything in the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord
means bridge, connects the brain stem to the rest of the brain or "high brain", regulates breathing
thalamus function
relay center, router, switchboard. Directs traffic - sorts the messages and gets them from the spine to the parts of brain.
hypothalamus function
homeostasis
epithalamus function
makes cerebral spinal fluid
Meninges anatomy
Dura mater (outermost), arachnoid mater (middle), pia mater (innermost).
Subarachnoid space function
place where the csf lies
csf pathway
1. epithalamus. 2. fill ventricles (center of brain). 3. travel through "cerebral aqueduct". 4. central canal. 5. leaks from the medularis conas into subarachnoid space of spine. 6. up the outside of spine to outside the brain. 7. out the arachnoid villi.
cerebellum function
coordination or balance
mesencephalon parts
corpara quadrigemina (reflexes visual and audio) rubro area (red nucleus or muscle tone, tells muscles to keep going) Ras (awareness or consciences)
occipital lobe funcion
visual
temporal lobe function
nose and hearing
parietal lobe function
sensory, understanding words (wernickes)
frontal lobe function
motor functions, recognition (thinking and personality, making words (brocas areas)
dominant hemisphere
the location of the Broca's area
cns 1
olfactory, smell, sensory
cns 2
optic, sight, sensory
cns 3
oculomotor, moves eye, motor
cns 4
trochlear, moves eye, motor
cns 5
trigeminal, jaws and teeth, both
cns 6
abducens, moves eye, motor
cns 7
facial, face and expressions, both
cns 8
vestbulo cochlea, hearing and balance, sensory
cns 9
glossopharngeal, tongue throat, both
cns 10
vasus, heart/guts, both
cns 11
accessory, neck muscles, motor
cns 12
hypoglossal, throat, motor
Mirror nerve location
Frontal Lobe, Pre-motor cortex, (planning movement
Mirror nerve function
lack of empathy
Limbic system parts and funtion
Parts: Hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus. Function: Emotional system, keeps you from doing something stupid. Memory
Muscles the ANS talks to
Involuntary
ANS is controlled by
limbic system: Sympathatic or Parasympathetic
Sympathetic wire location
thoraco-Lumbar region
Parasympathetic wire locations
cranial-sacral region
Sympathetic characteristics
fight or flight
parasympathetic charasteristics
rest and digest
sympathetic neuron charasteristics
short 1st neuron, long 2nd neuron or short pregangleonic fiber and long post ganglionic fiber
parasympathetic neuron charasteristics
long 1st neuron, short 2nd neuron or long pre-gangleonic fiber and short post-ganglionic fiber
sympathetic neurotransmitters
Acetylocholine from pre to post and epinephrine (adreneline) to organ
Parasympathetic neurotransmitters
acetelocholine from pre to post and to organ
Ascending tracts
spino-cerebellum, spino-thalamic, dorsal columns.
decending tracts
cortisospinal, rubrospinal, reticulospinal
spino cerebellar
doesn't cross, balance
spino thalmic
pain and temp, crosses at spine and then goes up
dorsal columns
touch, crosses at the medula oblongatta
cortisospinal
voluntary motor, crosses at medula oblongatta
rubrospinal
muscle tone (keeping your back straight so you don't fall over), crosses at the medula obsongatta
reticulospinal
muscle tone (keeping your back straight so you don't fall over), crosses at the medula obsongatta
a drug that works to block a receptor is what?
antagonist
Ach (acetacholine) recptors affect which system
parasympathetic system
drugs that affect the sympathetic system are...
androgenic
drugs that affect the parasympathetic system are...
vasoconstriction (smaller pipes more pressure), hemocrit (how many rbc you have, and viscosity, thicker blood pressure goes up harder to push), vessel length, more fat means more tissue to service (pressure goes up)
short term bp regulation
Nerves responsible, baroreceptors in neck say we need more blood, (sympathetic response), brain gets epinephrine to heart, heart beats like crazy
long term bp regulation
hormones responsible, kidney makes renin > angiotensin I > to lungs to make > angiotensin II converts to ACE enzyme goes to adrenal gland to make Alderstone. more alterstone, more salt, keeps water, water goes to plasma higher plasma lower blood pressure
cappilary components
sphincter, when open blood goes from artery to vein through the capillarries. when low 0xygen they open when high co2 they open and when 2 much waste. negative feedback dictates opening
red hot big, because of increased blood flow and more wbc
neutrophil function
eats bad things
histamine function
chemical messenger to promote swelling and or blood flow
lymphocyte function
immune response
monocyte function
macrophage (eats)
eosinophil function
attacks parasites
basophils function
releases histamine
layers of immunity
1. protection (skin and liquids). 2. inflammation (increased blood flow). 3. lymph system (drainage system). 4. immune response (killers)
lymph system function
drainage system, teh extra fluid is "lymph" and the lymph nodes are filters to the heart
lymphocyte cell types
b cell and t cell
immune response pathway
1. b-cell grabs invader. 2. waits for orders. 3. t-cell orders "cytokines" to clone b-cell so they will have proper receptor. 5. 2 clone cell types plasma cell clone to release antibodies and sleeper cells to remember the invader
Ig rhyme
IGA'S flow away, IGD is on the B, IGE is allergy, IGG is bloody baby, IGM is first membranie
iga place and function
mucosal layer, body fluid, tears, saliva, milk. they stop attachment and keep things from coming in
igd place and function
found on b-cell. They grab invaders
ige place and function
found skin, intestines, respiratory system. It triggers the release of histamine and gets inflamation rolling
Igg place and function
plasma, main antibody/fighter for baby, crosses placenta
Beef Production
