WVSOM lymbic system neuro
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| When you lesion the limbic system do you still have short term memory? | yes
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| What are the structures of the limbic system concerned with? | cognitive and visceral responses to emotion, processes involved with memory
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| What are the structures belonging to the limbic system? | cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdale, hypothalamus, mammillary bodies, anterior and medial thalamic nuclei
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| Where is hippocampus? | temporal lobe deep to parahippocampal gyrus
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| Where is the amygdala? | temporal lobe, deep to the uncus, anterior to hippocampus
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| What is the purpose of Papez circuit? | permits a cognitive and visceral response to emotion, aids in putting info into long term memory
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| State the Papez circuit: | info from neocortex or thalamus>cingulated gyrus>hippocampus and amygdale> project through fornix>mammilary bodies>medial and anterior thalamic nuclei>back to neocortex
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| What is Korsakoff’s syndrome? | brain disorder caused by the lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain, can be caused by chronic alcoholism because alcohol messes with thiamine
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| What are the 3 layers of the hippocampus? | striatum oriens = proximal axons, striatum pyramidal = somata, striatum radiatum = dendrites
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| How are pyramidal cells in hippocampus arranged and how do they travel? | poly-synaptic loop ; axonal projections from entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus
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| State the hippocampal circuitry: | entorhinal cortex>dentate gyrus>CA3(can go to fornix and to mammillary bodies)>CA1>subiculum>back to entorhinal cortex>associational neocortical areas
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| In what layers of the hippocampus are GABAergic cells found? | in all layers
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| Where the synaptic connections between are pyramidal cells most numerous? | hippocampus
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| What is the function of hippocampus? | necessary for processing and storing explicit memory for long term storage
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| What are the two classifications of memory? | explicit and implicit
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| Does the hippocampus deal with implicit memory? | no
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| What is implicit memory? | motor function, perceptual skills
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| What is explicit memory? | factual knowledge like people places and things
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| What is consolidation? | process done by the hippocampus necessary for converting short term to long term memory
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| Is memory stored in the hippocampus? | no
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| Where is memory stored? | cerebral cortex
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| What is the result of damage to hippocampus or output circuits? | inability to form new longterm explicit memory but short term memory stays intact
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| What happens when you get a hippocampus lesion on both sides? | loose ability to have space memories
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| What happens when you get a hippocampus lesion on one side? | nothing
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| What are space memories and where are space memories stored? | memories of where things are; hippocampus
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| What are the two types of glutamate receptors and where are they found? | AMPA and NMDA receptors; post synaptic membrane of excitatory synapses
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| What opens the AMPA receptors? | glutamate binding
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| What opens NMDA receptors? | glutamate binding but only after signal from AMPA receptors
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| Which is the small depolarization AMPA or NMDA? | AMPA
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| What is the result of adding or removing AMPA receptors? | adding = learning, removing= unlearning
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| When a synapse is made more functional what has it undergone? | LTP longterm potentiation
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| When a synapse is made less functional what has it undergone? | LTD longterm depression
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| How do you enhance synapses? | add AMPA receptors
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| When does LTP occur? | after a burst of high frequency action potentials in the pre-synaptic neuron
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| How do you reduce synapses efficiency? | remove AMPA receptors
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| When does LTD occur? | after low frequency action potentials in pre-synaptic neuron
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| Generation of new dendritic spines is an additional mechanism underlying what? | learning
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| Why do axon spines protrude out and why do they occur? | to increase synaptic efficiency; LTP
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| Where is the Amygdala located? | temporal lobe, deep to the uncus, anterior to hippocampus
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| How is the Amygdala shaped? | like an almond
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| What is the uncus? | a protrusion on the ventral surface of the brain caused by the Amygdala
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| What does the Amygdala consist of? | a collection of neuronal nuclei
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| What is the stria terminalis? | a pathway from the amygdala to the hypothalamus
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| What do the efferents from the amygdala go to? | hypothalamus and cortical areas (particularly cingulated gyrus)
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| What is the link between sensory stimuli and emotion? | Amygdala
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| What mediates inborn and acquired emotional responses such as fear, anxiety, and sexuality? | Amygdala
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| What is the result of stimulating the Amygdala? | anxiety and fear reactions along with physical responses (increase HR, increased respiration, papillary dilation
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| How are autonomic responses mediated? | connectinos of Amygdala with hypothalamus
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| How are conscious feelings mediated? | connections with cingulated gyrus and prefrontal cortex
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| What is the result of bilateral lesions of the Amygdala? | placidity, flat affect; do not respond to threatening situations
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| What is Hyperorality? | examine things with mouth
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| What is Hypermetamorphosis? | compulsion to intensively explore immediate environment
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| What is Kluver-bucy syndrome the result of? | bilateral damage to the Amygdala
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| What are the symptoms of Kluver- Bucy syndrome? | hyperorality, hypermetamorphosis, placidity and fearlessness, hyperphagia, hypersexuality
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| What is hyperphagia? | excessive eating, even when not hungry, may eat inappropriate objects
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