Immuno Exam 1 L2
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| Anatomical barriers | skin, surfaces at body openings, mucus membranes and ducts of secretory glands, dry skin
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| Chemical Barriers | Stomach acid, skin secretions, antimicrobial molecules
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| Three types of white blood cells involved in phagocytosis? | Neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils
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| Lysosomes | Organelles that a phagocyte breaks foreign particles apart inside of once engulfed
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| Phagocytosis | Have a lysosome full of antimicrobials (granules you can see) that break down pathogens by engulfing them
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| Scientific name for WBCs? | Leukocytes
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| Scientific name for RBCs? | Erythrocyte
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| Neutrophil | Make up 60-70% of circulating WBCs. Recruited to sites of infection as a response to inflammatory signals from innate cells. Self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders. Average life span is a few days
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| Neutrophils release what? | Release antimicrobial proteins and tissue remodeling proteins, phagocytosis the pathogen
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| Oder of leukocyte responders? | Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils
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| Monocytes become? | Macrophages or dendritic cells after migrating to tissue
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| Macrophage= | Considered APC show to B or T cell so they know to make antibodies if they see it, MOST efficient phagocyte, lifespan is months, large
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| APC stands for? | Antigen Presenting Cell
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| Dendritic= | Can go through phagocytosis, are APC and activate naïve T cells for the FIRST time. Super big link between innate and adaptive (*how we turn on second phase of immunity), major role in innate response to infections
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| Monocytes | Make up 5-10% of circulating leukocytes, circulate only a few hours, migrate into tissue and differentiate into phagocytic cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells
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| Natural Killer (NK) cells | NOT phagocytic, nonspecific innate immune resposne, destroy virus-infected body cells, attack abnormal body cells that could become cancerous
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| How do NK cells attack another cell? | They mount an attack on the cells membrane with perforins and protease causing the cell to lyse
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| Inflammatory response | Innate. Rapid increase in leukocytes in the blood within a few hours. Fever triggered. Inhibits growth of some microbes, facilitating phagocytosis and speeding up tissue repair. Sever tissue damage/infection causes widespread response
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| How is fever triggered in infammatory response? | By toxins from pathogens or pyrogens released by certain leukocytes. Raise temp enough to either kill or inhibit bacteria cells
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| Septic shock | Characterized by high fever and low blood pressure; most common cause of death in US critical care units. (body tring to fix but only makes worse)
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| T cell do NOT make? | Antibodies
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| Process of adaptive immunity? | New invaders take longer to identify and an organism will remain ill until new antibodies can be crafted. Old particles are quickly recognized and a person may never become ill from that invader again (making that person immune)
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| Two main types of lymphocytes? | B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells)
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| Both types of lymphocytes circulate throught? | Blood and lymph
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| Both types of lymphocytes are concentrated in? | Spleen, lymph nodes and other lmphatic tissues
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| In general terms lymphocytes do what? | Speciliaze in recognizing different types of antigens and carry out specific defensive actions that complement each other
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| Antigen | A foreign invader that elicits a specific response by lymphocytes (T cells and B cells). Each antigen has a particular molecular shape. Stimulates B cells to secrete antibodies antibody generator
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| Antigen receptors | Are membrane proteins on lymphocytes responsible for recognizing antigens. B cells: antibody (immunoglobulin) and T cells: T cell receptors
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| Many infections never make it past the _____ defense? | Innate
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| Infections/bacteria that get past innate defese trigger the production and release of _______? | Antibodies
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| Antibodies | Are proteins that latch onto, damage, clump, and slow foreign particles. Bind only to one specific binding site, known as an antigen
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| B-cells oder of events | 1 cell recognizes antigens, activated, replicated itself, make “plasma” cells & attacks antigens
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| Memory B cells | Are long lived so if you get exposed again you recognize & attack infection
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| Plasma cells | Secret antibodies to do the attacking & then die (live a weekish)
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| Cytotoxic T cells release? | Enzymes that attack the membrane, like cancer cells
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| Cytotoxic T-Cells recognize? | Infected human cells and cancer cells. Some T-cells will attack these infected cells, quickly kill them, and then continue to search for more cells to kill. There are several subsets of T-cells
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| Basophils, eosinophils and mast cells are what immunity? | Innate
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| Basophils,eosinophils and mast cells are used for? | Are used for multicellular parasites, also seen during allergic reactions (don’t have many basophils)
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| Basophils are full of? | Histamine and heparin
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| Complement System | Small soluble proteins in serum (humoral components). Interplays or complements the roles of both the innate and adaptive immune system
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| Chemokines mediate? | Chemotaxis
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| Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity | 1Lymphocyte clones mature in generative lymphoid organs, in the absence of antigens 2clones of mature lymphocytes specific for diverse antigens enter lymphoid tissues 3antigen-specific clones activated by antigens 4antigen-soecific immune responses occur
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