Medical Terminology Chapter 10 -Nervous System
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| arthr/o | articulation
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| cerebell/o | cerebellum (little brain)
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| cerebr/o | cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
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| crani/o | skull
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| encephal/o | entire brain
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| esthesi/o | sensation
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| gangli/o | ganglion (knot)
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| gli/o | glue
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| gnos/o | knowing
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| hypn/o, somn/i, somn/o | sleep
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| kinesi/o | movement
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| lex/o | word or phrase
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| mening/o, meningi/o | meninges (membrane)
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| myel/o | spinal cord or bone marrow
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| narc/o | stupor, sleep
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| neur/o | nerve
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| phas/o | speech
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| phob/o | exaggerated fear or sensitivity
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| phor/o | carry or bear
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| phren/o, psych/o, thym/o | mind
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| schiz/o | split
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| somat/o | body
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| spin/o, spondyl/o | spine (thorn)
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| vertebr/o | vertebra
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| stere/o | three dimensional or solid
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| tax/o | order or coordination
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| thalam/o | thalamus (a room)
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| ton/o | tone or tension
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| top/o | place
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| ventricul/o | ventricle (belly or pouch)
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| cata- | down
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| -asthenia | weakness
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| -lepsy | seizure
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| -mania | condition of abnormal impulse toward
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| -paresis | slight paralysis
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| -plegia | paralysis
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| central nervous system (CNS) | brain and spinal cord
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| brain | portion of the central nervous system contained within the
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| cerebrum | largest portion of the brain, cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum; lobes named after the skull bones they underlie
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| frontal lobe | anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality
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| parietal lobe | portion posterior to the frontal lobe, responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch
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| temporal lobe | portion that lies below the frontal lobe, resonsible for hearing, taste, and smell
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| occiptial lobe | portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes, responsible for vision
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| cerebral cortex | outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of gray matter, responsible for higher mental funtions (cortex=bark)
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| thalamus (diencephalon) | two gray matter nuclei deep within the brain, responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex
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| gyri | ring or circle; convolutions (mounds) of the cerebral hemispheres
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| sulci | ditch; shallow grooves that separate gyri
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| fissures | splitting crack; deep grooves in the brain
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| cerebellum | portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum, responsible for control and coordination of skeletal muscles
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| brainstem | region of the brain that serves as a relay between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord, resopnsible for breathing, heart rate, and body temperature; there are three levels: mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, and medulla oblongata
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| ventricles | series of interconnected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | plasma-like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord
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| spinal cord | column of nervous tissue from the brainstem through the vertebrae, responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and body
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| meninges | thee membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura mater, pia mater, and arachniod
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| cranial nerves | 12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain
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| spinal nerves | 31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
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| sensory nerves | nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory information to the brain-also called afferent nerves
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| motor nerves | nerves that conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands; also called efferent nerves (e=out;ferre=carry)
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| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and various glands
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| hypothalamus | control center for the autonomic nervous system located below the thalamus (diencephalon)
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| sympathetic nervous system | division of the ANS concerned primarily with preparing the body in stressful or emergency situations
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| parasympathetic nervous system | division of the ANS that is mos active in the ordinary conditions; it counter balances the effects of the sympathetic system by restoring the body to a restful state after a stressful experience
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| aphasia | condition without speech, due to brain injury, affects understanding, retrieving, and formulating meaningful and sequential elements of language
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| dysarthria | condition of difficult articulation
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| dysphasia | difficulty speaking
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| coma | general term referring to levels of decreased consciousness with varying responsiveness
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| delirium | state of mental confusion due to disturbances in cerebral function
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| dementia | impairment of intellectual function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion
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| motor deficit | loss or impairment of muscle function
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| sensory deficit | loss of impairment of sensation
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| neuralgia | pain along the course of a nerve
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| paralysis | temporary or permanent loss of motor control
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| flaccid paralysis | defective or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion
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| spastic paralysis | stiff and awkward muscle control caused by a central nervous system disorder
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| hemiparesis | partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body
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| sciatica | pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve caused by compression or trauma of the nerve or its roots
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| seizure | suden, transient disturbances in brain function resulting from abnormal firing of nerve impulses
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| convulsion | to pull together; type of seizure that causes a series of sudden, involuntary contrations of muscles
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| syncope | fainting
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| tactile stimulation | evoking response by touching
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| hyperesthesia | increased sensitivity to stimulation suchas touch or pain
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| paresthesia | abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause
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| agnosia | any of many types of loss of neurological function associated with interpretation of sensory information
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| astereognosis | inability to judge the form of an object by touch
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| atopognosis | inability to locate a sensation properly, such as to locate a point touched on the body
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| Alzheimer disease | disease of structural changes in the brain resulting in an irreversible deterioration that progresses from forgetfulness and disorientation to loss of intellectual functions, total disability, and death
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| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | a condition of progressive deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle control; symptoms advance from muscle weakness in the arms, legs, muscles of speech, swallowing, and breathing to total paralysis and dealth-also kn
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| cerebral palsy (CP) | condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth, characterized by partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination (palsy=paralyis)
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| cerebrovascular disease | disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain
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| cerebral arterioclerosis | hardening of the arteries of the brain
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| cerebral atherosclerosis | condition of lipid (fat) buildup within the blood vessels of the brain (ather/o=fatty[lipid] paste)
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| cerebral aneurysm | dilation of a blood vessel in the brain (aneurysm=dilation or widening)
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| cerebral thrombosis | presence of a stationary clot in a blood vessel of the brain
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| cerebral embolism | obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus transported through the circulation
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| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) stroke | damage to the brain caused by cerebrovascular disease
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| transient ischemic attack (TIA) | brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurological deficit (impairment)- often precedes a CVA
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| carotid (TIA) | ischemia of the anterior circulation of the brain
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| vertebrobasilar TIA | ischemia of the posterior circulation of the brain
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| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain
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| epilepsy | disorder affecting the central nervous system characterized by recurrent seizures
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| tonic-clonic | stiffening-jerking (grand mal) big, bad seizure
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| absence | seizure involving breif loss of consciousness without motor involvement
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| partial | seizure involving only limited areas of the brain with localized symptoms
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| glioma | tumor of cells graded by degree of malignancy
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| herniated disk | protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
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| herpes zoster | viral disease affectin the peripheral nerves, characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following the affected nerves, usually unilaterally- also known as shingles
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| Huntington disease (HD) | hereditary disease of the central nervous system
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| Huntington chorea | characterized by bizarre involuntary body movements and progressive dementia (charos=dance)
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| hydrocephalus | abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain as a result of developmental anomalies, infection, injury, or tumor
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| meningioma | benign tumor of the coverings of the brain (meninges)
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| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges
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| migraine headache | paroxysmal attacks of mostly unilateral headache often accompanied by disordered vision, nausea, and/or vomiting, lasting hours or days and caused by dilation of arteries
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| multiple sclerosis (MS) | disease of the central nervous system characterized by the demyelination (deterioration of the myelin sheath) of nerve fibers, with episodes of neurological dysfunction (exacerbation) followed by recovery (remission)
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| myasthenia gravis | autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing progressive decrease in muscle strength with activity and a return of strength after a period of rest
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| myelitis | inflammation of the spinal cord
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| narcolepsy | sleep disorder characterized by sleep attacks, sleep paralysis, and dreams intruding while awake
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| Parkinson disease | condition of slowly progressive degeneration of an area of the brainstem resulting in decrease of dopamine
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| plegia | paralysis
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| hemiplegia | paralysis on one side of the body
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| paraplegia | paralysis from the waist down
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| quadriplegia | paralysis of all four limbs
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| poliomyelitis | inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, often resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
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| polyneuritis | inflammation involving two or more nerves, often owing to a nutrutional deficiency such as lack of thiamine
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| refelx sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) | condition of abnormal function of the sympathetic nervous system in resonse to pain perception, usually as the result of an injury to an extremity; symptoms include persistent burning pain, tissue edema, joint tenderness, changes in skin color and temper
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| sleep apnea | periods of breathing cessation that occur during sleep, often causing snoring
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| spina bifida | congenital defect in the spinal clumn characterized by the absence of verebral arches, often resulting in pouching of spinal membranes or tissue
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| electroencephalogram | record of the minute electrical impulses of the brain used to identify neurological conditions that affect brain function and level consciousness
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| evoked potentials | record of minute electrical potential (waves) that are extracted from ongoing EEG activity to diagnose auditory, visual, and sensory pathway disorders-also used to monitor the neurological function of patients during surgery
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| nerve conduction velocity (NCV) | electrical shock of periphreal nerves to record time of conduction; used to diagnose various periphreal nervous system diseases
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| polysomnography (PSG) | recording of various aspects of sleep (e.g., eye and muscle movements, respiration, EEG patterns) to diagnose sleep disorders
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| lumbar puncture | introduction of a specialized needle into the spine in the lumbar region for diagnostic or therapeutic purpose
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomical structures (especially soft tissue)
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| magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) | use of magnetic resonance in imaging of the blood vessels-useful in detecting pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis and thrombosis
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| intracranial MRA | magnetic resonance image of the head to visualize the vessels of the cirle of Willis (common site of cerebral aneurysm, stenosis, or occlusion)
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| extracranial MRA | magnetic resonance image of the neck to visualize the carotid artery
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| nuclear medicine imaging | radionuclide organ imaging
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| SPECT brain scan (single photon emission computed tomography) | scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography technology to produce images of the brain after administration of radioactive isotopes
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| positron emission tomography (PET) | technique combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography technology to produce images of brain anatomy and corresponding physiology
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| radiography | x-ray imaging
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| cerebral angiogram | x-ray of blood vessels in the brain after intracarotid injection of contrast medium
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| computed tomography (of the head) | computed tomographic x-ray images of the head used to visualize abnormalities within
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| myelogram | x-ray of the spinal cord made after intraspinal injection of contrast medium
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| reflex testing | test performed to observe the body's response to a stimulus
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| deep tendon reflexes (DTR) | involuntary muscle contraction after percussion at a tendon indicating function
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| Babinski sign or reflex | pathological response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot
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| transcranial sonogram | image made by sending ultrasound beams through the skull to assess blood flow in intracranial vessels
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| craniectomy | exision of part of the skull to approach the brain
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| craniotomy | incision into the skul to approach the brain
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| diskectomy | removal of herniated disk ofte done percutaneously
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| laminectomy | excison of one or more laminae of the vertebrae to approach the spinal cord
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| vertebral lamina | flattened posterior portion of the verebral arch
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| microsurgery | utilization of a microscope to dissect minute structures during surgery
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| neuroendovascular surgery | diagnosis and treatment of disorders within cerebral blood vessels performed in a specialized angiographic laboratory by interventional neuroradiologists
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| neuroplasty | surgical repair of a nerve
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| spondylosyndesis | spinal fusion
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| chemotherapy | treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce
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| radiation therapy | treatment of neoplastic disease using ionizing radiation to impede proliferation of malignant cells
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| stereotactic (stereotaxic) radiosurgery | radiation treatment to inactivate malignant lesions involving the focus of multiple, precise external radiation beams on a target with the aid of a stereotactic fram and imaging- inoperable brain tumors and other lesions
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| stereotactic frame | mechanical device used to localize a point in space targeting a precise site
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| analgesic | agent that releives pain
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| anticoagulant | drug that prevents the clotting of blood
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| anticonvulsant | agent that prevents or lessens convulsion
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| hypnotic | agent that induces sleep
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| sedative | agent that has a calming effect
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| affect | emotional feeling or mood
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| flat affect | significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction
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| apathy | lack of interest or display of emotion
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| catatonia | state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment
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| delusion | persistent beleif that has no basis in reality
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| grandiose delusion | person's false belief that he or she possesses great wealth, intelligence, or power
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| persecutory delusion | person's false belief that someone is plotting against him or her with intent to harm
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| dysphoria | restless, dissatisfied mood
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| euphoria | exaggerated, unfounded feeling of well-being
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| hallucination | false perception of the senses for which there is no reality, most commonly hearing or seeing things
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| ideation | formation of thoughts or ideas
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| mania | state of abnormal elation or increased activity
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| neurosis | psychological condition in which anxiety is prominent
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| psychosis | mental condition characterized by distrotion of reality, resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one's environment
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| thought disorder | thought that lacks clear processing or logical disorder
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| major depression, major depressive illness, clinical depression, major affective disorder, unipolar disorder | disorder causing periodic distrubances in mood; characterized by feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and loss of interest
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| dysthymia | milder affective disorder characterized by a chronic depression persisting for at least 2 years
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| manic depression, bipolar disorder (BD) | affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression (extreme up and down states)
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| seasonal affective disorder (SAD) | affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur during the fall and windter and remit in the spring
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| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) | most common anxiety disorder, characterized by chronic, excessive and uncontrollable worry
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| panic disorder (PD) | disorder of sudden, recurrent attacks of intense feelings including physical symptoms that mimic a heart attack
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| phobia | exaggerated fear of a specific object or circumstance that causes anxiety and panic
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| posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | condition resulting from an extremely traumatic experience, injury, or illness that leaves the sufferer with persistent thoughts and memories of the ordeal.
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| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | anxiety disorder featuring unwanted, senseless obsessions accompanied by repeated compulsions, which can interfere with daily life
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| hypchondriasis | preoccupation with thoughts of disease
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| autism | developmental disability from neurological disorder affecting brain function
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| dyslexia | developmental diability characterized by a difficulty understanding written or spoken workds
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| attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | dysfunction characterized by condsistent hyperactivity, distractibility, and lack of control over impulses
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| mental retardation | condition of subaverage intelligence characterized by an IQ of 70 or below
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| anorexia nervosa | severe disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions about one's body weight
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| bulimia nervosa | eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by efforts to limit digestion
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| substance abuse disorders | mental disorders resulting from abuse of substances such as drugs, alcohol, or other toxins
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| schizophrenia | disease of the brain chemistry causing distorted cognitive and emotional perception of one's environment characterized by a broad range of positive and negative symptoms
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| disorganized schizophrenia | featuring disorganized speech, behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect
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| catatonic schizophrenia | featuring catatonia
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| paranoid schizophrenia | featuring delusions, most often persecutory or grandiose types
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| schizoaffective disorder | concurrent with major depression or manic depression
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| psychotherapy | treatment of psychiatric disorders using verbal and nonverbal interation with patients, individually or in a group, employing specific actions and techniques
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| behavioral therapy | treatment to decrease or stop unwanted behavior
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| cognitive therapy | treatment to change unwanted patterns of thinking
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| psychotropic drugs | medications used to treat mental illness
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| antianxiety drugs (anxiolytic) | drugs used to reduce anxiety
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| antidepressant | agent that counteracts depression
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| neuroleptic agents | drugs used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia
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