COMD 326 Exam 1
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| Why can't we analyze the spectral changes of a word using a spectrum | Spectra don't provide information about time. Speech consists of a constantly changing sequence of different sounds. Individual spectra of speech sounds do not represent the continuously changing sound
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| What are the three dimensions of a display (spectrogram) that represent the sequence of speech sounds (as in the production of a sentence)? What are the units of measure for each? | A display of frequency (Hertz) and amplitude (dB) as they change over time (seconds), or a time/frequency/amplitude display.
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| How many formants can you distinguish in a spectrogram of a typical vowel? Why do formants get harder to see (lighter in color) as they increase in frequency? | In most vowels, we can see at least two formants in a spectrogram (usually 3). Higher formants are usually low intensity.
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| In what range of frequencies do you expect to find the first formant (F1) in adult vowels? | between 200 Hz and 900 Hz
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| In what range of frequencies do you expect to find the second formant (F2) in adult vowels? | between 600 Hz and 2400 Hz
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| In what range of frequencies do you expect to find the third formant (F3) in adult vowels? | between 1800 Hz and 3400 Hz
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| As you lower tongue and jaw from /i/ to /ae/, how does the first formant frequency change | The first formant frequency increases (about 200 Hz to about 800 Hz) as the vowel changes from high /i/ to low /ae/.
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| he source-filter theory says that vowel category is solely determined by the source, not the filter | False
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| A filter selectively amplifies or diminishes the frequencies of a complex waveform. | True
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| A formant is a resonance of the vocal tract | true
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| a graphic display of sound that shows amplitude versus time | waveform
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| a three dimensional graphic display of sound showing time, frequency, and amplitude | spectrogram
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| a graphic display of sound that shows the amplitude of each frequency from one instant in time | spectrum
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| a change in formant frequency, especially in relation to consonant-vowel or vowel-consonant sequences | formant transition
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| resonance of the vocal tract | formant
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| space between the vocal folds | glottis
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| wavelike motion of the vocal fold cover that occrs during vibration of the folds | mucosal wave
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| air pressure | force of air per unit area
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| coarticulation | the articulatory effect one phoneme has on surrounding phonemes
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| velopharyngeal port | the passage that connects the oral and nasal cavities
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| Fourier analysis | any sound signal can be decomposed into a set of sinusoid waves
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| quasiperiodic | almost regular vibration
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| voice onset time | the time between the stop burst and the onset of voicing
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| /p/ | formed by completely occluding the oral cavity, building up intra-oral air pressure by closing the velopharyngeal port. Release air pressure as a burst.
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| /s/ | formed by pushing sufficient airflow through a small constriction in the oral cavity. Intra-oral pressure is obtained by closing the velopharyngeal port. Air flow must create turbulence at the point of constriction
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| /j/ | sometimes called a semi-vowel because of the more open oral cavity and resultant formant structure, this consonant is characterized by articulatory movement.
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| /t/ | formed by completely occluding the oral cavity, building up intra-oral air pressure by closing the velopharyngeal port. Release air pressure as a burst.
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| /m/ | a sonorant consonant produced by occluding the oral cavity and pushing air flow through the nasal cavity.
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| /v/ | formed by pushing sufficient airflow through a small constriction in the oral cavity. Intra-oral pressure is obtained by closing the velopharyngeal port. Air flow must create turbulence at the point of constriction
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| /h/ | formed by pushing sufficient airflow through a small constriction in the oral cavity. Intra-oral pressure is obtained by closing the velopharyngeal port. Air flow must create turbulence at the point of constriction
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| The lowest frequency of sound present in speech (regardless of who is speaking) is usually called the | fundamental frequency
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| What determines the formant structure of speech sounds, particularly vowels? | the length and shape of the vocal tract
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| Particular frequencies of sound are selectively reinforced when traveling through objects. This property is known as | resonance
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| Process generating a sound that last slightly longer due to interaction of incident and reflected waves. | Reverberation is the continuation of a sound in a closed area after the source has stopped vibrating.
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| when absorption occurs | Absorption occurs when a wave is dampened by going through another medium (hitting another mass)
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| reflection | A sound is reflected when it is bounced back and goes in the opposite direction
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| interference occurs | Interference occurs when waves are combined that have different air pressures
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| the concept of resonance, and explain how an acoustic resonator acts as a filter. | Resonance involves specific frequencies that are either amplified or attenuated depending on the resonant frequency. An acoustic resonator filters out some frequencies, while letting others pass through. Different sounds are produced because the resonator
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| clinical rationale for the development of separate average Fo and Fo variability norms for men, women, and children | The average Fo varies depending on the age and sex of a person. Clinical decisions can be made to determine if an individual has a pitch disorder because norms are established for men, women, and children. Frequency variability exists for each person's vo
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| voice range profile, considered a snapshot of phonatory behavior | A voice range profile plots a person's phonational range against the person's dynamic range at different frequencies to determine the physiological limits of a person's voice. Dynamic and phonational frequency ranges are specific to the person's ability t
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| How can frequency and amplitude measures detect early laryngeal changes in neurological diseases? Give an example of why this is important. | Acoustic analysis can detect early changes in vocal production before perceptional changes are heard by the patients. Knowing the vocal signs of neurological disorders can lead to earlier detection and intervention. An example of this is having a small fr
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| A student sleeping in class snores 90 times in 3 minutes. What is the frequency of snoring in snores per second (sn/s) | 0.5 sn/s
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| A pure tone is always | a sinusoidal sound wave
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| All waves are traveling disturbances that carry energy from place to place. | True
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| The energy of sound is propogated by | longitudinal waves
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| Waves that change direction when they bounce off a barrier are | reflected waves
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| The pitch of a sound increases as it moves toward you and decreases as it moves away from you. This is known as | Doppler effect
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| Sound can travel through solid material | True
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| Destructive interference is when | the overlapping of two waves creates damping because the displacements of two waves are in different directions
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| Sound waves can not occur in a vacuum because | there are not any molecules.
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| amplitude | degree of molecule displacement in a wave (height of wave)
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| elasticity | density of the medium
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| frequency | wave cycles in a given unit of time
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| medium | allows energy to pass through
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| velocity | speed of the wave
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| wave | movement of energy through a medium
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| wavelength | distance of one complete wave cycle
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| Mass | The amount of matter present ,Applies to gases, liquids, & solids
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| Elasticity | Property that enables recovery from distortion of shape or volume, All items have an “Elastic Limit”
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| Air Elasticity | Density of air molecules (mass per volume) returns to predistorted value
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| Inertia | All bodies remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion unless another force acts in opposition
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| Compression | crowding of molecules when in motion (density increases)
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| Rarefaction | thinning of molecules when in motion (density decreases)
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| Period T | 1/frequency
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| Wavelength | speed of sound / frequency
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| FREQUENCY (f) | The rate, in Hz, at which a sinusoid repeats itself
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| Wave interference | the constructive or destructive of wave amplitudes when reflected and primary waves hit each other when in different phases.
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| Sound source | (vibration)
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| Aperiodic | (obstruent consonants) turbulent
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| (quasi)periodic | (resonant consonants & vowels) sounding periodic
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| Natural Frequency (fnat) | The frequency with which a system oscillates freely (fnat)
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| fnat | stiffness / mass
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| Friction | limits velocity,Amplitude of vibration diminishes over time,Vibrations are damped,The Magnitude of Damping
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| Sinusoidal wave | pure tones
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| Complex wave | made up of many sinusoidal waves.
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| Fourier analysis | mathematical procedure to identify the individual sinusoidal in a complex wave.
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| Laminar flow | Smooth flow
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| Turbulent flow | Obstacle disturbs airflow
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| Air volume goes up | air pressure goes down
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| Temporal measurements | (duration)
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| time | millisecond
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| Spectral measurements | (frequency)
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| Frequency | Hertz
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| Displacement | Amplitude dB
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| Spectrogram | a representation or photograph of a spectrum x axis is time, y axis is frequency, z axis is amplitude.
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| Spectrum | graph with y axis being frequency, and x axis being amplitude, line spectrum represents periodic sounds, continuous spectrum represent aperoidic sounds.
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| Waveform | graph with time on the x axis and amplitude on the y axis.
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| Subglottal pressure | under the glottis is where the pressure is being built up.
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| Medial compression | bringing the vocal folds to the midline
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| Mucosal wave | undulating wavelike motion of the vocal fold during vibration particularly evident in the cover.
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| Bernoulli effect | aerodynamic law stating that air flow increases through a constriction increases in velocity and decreases in pressure
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| Myoelastic aerodynamic theory | theory that explains vocal fold vibration in terms of muscular,elastic recoil, and aerodynamic forces.
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| Glottal spectrum | spectrum of the laryngeal tone before it is modified in the vocal tract.
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| Fundamental frequency | Repeats itself every period, F0 is determined by rate of vocal fold vibration
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| Harmonics | Whole number multiples of fundamental frequency
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| Vocal tract Resonance | formats
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| Band pass filter | resonator that transmits acoustic energy in a range of frequencies between upper and lower cut off frequencies.
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| Formants | resonance of the vocal tract
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| Formant One | tongue height
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| Formant Two | tongue advancement
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| Monopthong | Open vocal tract,Stable state
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| diphthong | Slow,No narrow constriction,Slow formant transitions between the two component vowels,No stable state is evident
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| Shimmer | cycle to cycle variability in amplitude of vocal fold vibration
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| Jitter | cycle to cycle variability in frequency of vocal fold vibration
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| Stroboscopy | a device for studying the motion of a body, esp. a body in rapid revolution or vibration, by making the motion appear to slow down or stop, as by periodically illuminating the body or viewing it through widely spaced openings in a revolving disk.
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| Oscilloscope | a device that uses a cathode-ray tube or similar instrument to depict on a screen periodic changes in an electric quantity, as voltage or current.
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| Electroglottograph | method of evaluating vocal fold function based on the difference between electrical conductivity of tissue and air.
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