a&p final
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| stages of rbc might not surprise you to see a few in circulating blood | reticulocyte
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| normal range for hemoglobin | 12-16
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| protein pigment after it has left the spleen during old rbc breakdown | bilirubin
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| which organ releases erythropoietin | kidney
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| which organ stimulated by erythropoietin to form additional rbc | red bone marrow
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| an increase in eosinophil count seen in a differential may include | allergic reaction
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| anemia | lack of blood and/or its components
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| primary anemia | due to lack of production or over-destruction of whole blood and/or its components
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| secondary anemia | due to causes unrelated to lack of production or over destruction (hemorrhage)`
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| iron deficiency anemia (hypochromic anemia) | causes: inadequate dietary intake of iron/mal-absorption Food sources: liver, spinach, raisins, beets Signs & sx reduction in Hgb and therefore o2 carrying ability fatigue, vertigo, pallor, tinnitus treatment: iron replacement therapy feosol, imferon
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| pernicious anemia | megaloblastic anemia due to the Vitamin B12 deficiency caused by lack of intrinsic factor in gastric juice which is necessary to utilize B12. Causes: usual idiopathic sings & sx: due to anemia Tx lifetime treatment of B12 injections
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| aplastic anemia-not forming cells | a condition of bone marrow failure which results in markedly reduced production of all cells. (pancytopenia) all cell deficiency Causes: congenital, idiopathic, radiation chemical Signs and sx: purpura, pyrexia Tx: blood transfusion,bone marrow transplant
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| erythroblastosis fetalis | incompatibility of fetal & newborn blood resulting in maternal antibody activity against fetal RBC's (rh- mom rh+ fetus) Causes:rh incapability signs & sx: jaundice of nb within 24 hr Tx: determined by degree of maternal sensitization, effects antibodies
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| palliative | treating symptoms only
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| sickle cell anemia | results from a defective Hgb molecule (S) anoxia causes the rbc 2 roughen & become sickle shaped decreasing their ability to carry o2. tx: prevent from occurring signs sx: sporadic-precipitating factors of crisis.
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| thalassemia (cooley Anemia) vera- seldom live to be adults | hereditary group of hemolytic anemias characterized by defective synthesis of Hgb and Rbc synthesis is impaired also. Causes: hereditary most common in greeks n Italians signs & SX: severe anemia, bone deformities failure to thrive mild anemia Tx of sympt
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| leukemias-form of cancer | disorder of the blood forming organs(spleen, marrow,lymph)
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| acute leukemias | widespread accumulation of immune, non-functioning wbc spill into blood, infiltrate tissues. decreased production of blood n increased susceptibility to infections tx: chemo
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| chronic leukemias | gradual onset usually older 50-70 prognosis better than acute. wbc able to phagocytose somewhat
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| hemophilia- two types a&b | hereditary bleeding disorder from deficiency of clotting factors a&B (A)80% of cases factor VIII (B)15% of cases factor IX. TX: no cure however if trauma quickly stop local bleedin
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| hemophilia sx | easily bruised prolonged bleeding from mucous membrane. im hematomas from minor trauma hemorrhage into knees, elbows, ankles
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| thrombocytopenia purpura | hemorrhages into the skin accompanies by reduction of the # of circulating platelets. Causes: decreased formation of platelets from chemical agents or infections or other blood disorders TX: steroids to promote capillary integrity,transfusion, splenectomy
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| thrombocytopenia purpura signs & sx | petechaie, mucousal bleeding, ecchymosis(bruising)
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| vonwillebrands disease | hereditary bleedind disorder characterized by prolonged bleeding time, moderate deficiency of factor VIII & platelets Causes: unknown Tx: shorten bleeding time by replacement of factor VIII
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| vonwillebrands disease signs & sx | bleeding from skin and mucosa increased uterine bleeding in females
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| polycythemia | excessive rbc 7,000,000-11,000,000 hct 70-80% causes hyperactivity of bone marrow, tumor TX: phlebotomy Signs & sx: increased blood volume increased bp blood flow reduced due to increased viscosity & tendency to clot. skin maybe purplish
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| hemochromatosis | rare disorder characterized by iron overload in liver cells leading to cirrhosis, diabetes Sign & SX increased skin pigment (bronze) tx: removal of iron(phlebotomy) early detection prevents cirrhosis
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| mononucleosis | infectious disease caused by Epstein-barr virus, spread by oral-pharyngeal route 80% carry virus in throat signs & sx fever sore throat ha malaise fatigue increased lymphs and monos tx: supportive bedrest
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| acute blood loss anemia | persistent hemorrhage due to trauma or post surgical hemorrhage, coagulation defects, neoplasms or ulcers tx: control blood loss, transfusion Signs & sx: associated with hypoxia & hypovolemia
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| anemia secondary to chronic disease | certain chronic diseases depress bone marrow function Causes: renal failure, viral hepatitis, cancer Tx: control blood loss transfusion
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