gen med terms

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TERM

DEFINITION

myocardium

muscle that makes up the heart

endocardium

c.t. that encloses the entire heart

pericardium

attaches the endocardium to the thorax

coronary arteries

branch from the base of the aorta to supply the entire myocardium

systole

contraction phase

diastole

atria and ventricles relaxed

stroke volume

amount of blood pumped into aorta during a single ventricular contraction

cardiac output

stroke volume x heart rate: volume of blood pumped per minute

erythrocytes (rbc)

transport o2 remove co2

leukocytes (wbc)

phagocytosis, mediate immune system response

thrombocytes (platelets)

clotting

blood pressure

pressure of blood against arterial walls, maintains perfusion of o2 into organs

myocardial ischemia

myocardium deprived of oxygen resulting in chest pain (angina)

dyspnea

shortness of breath; occurs when cardiac output decreases

fatigue

reduction in the body's capability to perform work

palpitation

senseation of skipped beats or the heart fluttering uncomfortably

arrhythmia

disturbance of the electrical activity that controls the heartbeat which causes cardiac contractions of excessive pace or strenght (palpitations)

claudication

impaired gait, occurs when blood flow to a lower limb is blocked

edema

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, occurs with chronic cardiac conditions or obstruction of veins or lymph vessels

Korotkoff sounds

sounds used to determine bp

atherosclerosis

arteries that have been pathologically narrowed

aneurysm

deformed arteries

athletes heart

general cardiac hypertrophy- enlargmenet of both ventricles due to adaptation to strenuous aerobic exercise

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

pathological enlrgment of the heart associated with an asymmetricl enlrgment of the left ventricular cavity-leading cause of SCD in young athletes

myocardial ischemia

oxygen needed by myocardium exceeds oxygen in blood delivered by the coronary arteries

arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD)

fatty infiltration (penetration) and fibrosis of the myocardium of the right ventricle

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

deformity of mitral valve leaflets that prevents it from closing completely

paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia

intermittently occuring very rapid heart rate at rest >150 bpm- defect in discharge pattern of SA node, atria, or AV node that causes drastic increase in heart rate

Q-T interval

time it takes for ventricles to depolarize and repolarize

Wolfe-parkinson-White Syndrome

accessory pathway between atria and ventricles conducts more rapidlyithan the AV node, and result is that one of the ventricles depolarizes slightly before the other

marfan Syndrome

Connective tissue disorder associated with increased risk for scd, develop potentially fatal deformities in aorta

Commotio Cordis

Sudden blows to the chest that occur during the vulnerable phase of cardiac repolarization that induce a severe ventricular arrhytmia

myocarditis

inflammatory process of the cardiac muscle cells

generic drug

copy of brand name drug whose patents have expired can sell for cheaper bc no experimental cost

enteral routes

routes of admin that provide entry to the boyd by way of alimentary canal or digestive system (oral, rectal)

parenteral routes

injection inhalation sublingual buccal and topical

enteric coating

delays the release of medication until it reaches small intestine

extended release medication

released over a longer period, contains more drug

buccal

between cheek and gum

suppository

common dosage form used to administer meds via rectum

pharmacokinetics

physiological process of how the body acts on a drug (ADME)

bioavailability

amount of drug that is actually available in the body's tissues

first pass effect

occurs if drug is absorbed from the intestine into the liver before entering the systemic circulation

passive diffusion

lipid soluble drugs diffuse more quickly and easily and are capable of passing through blood brain barrier to affect cns

active transport

protein move drug across membrane

facilitated diffusion

drug selectivity through binding of a protein

onset of action

time it takes for drug to reach site of action

duration of action

period of time when concentration levels are sufficient enough to proeduce a therapeutic effect

metabolism

process by which drugs are inactivated and broken down into more water soluble metabolites in preparation for excretion

halflife

time it takes for concentration to be reduced by one half after it has reached peak concentration

elimination

process by which body rids itself of drug

pharmacodynamics

process of how drug acts on the body

agonist

drug that fits the receptor and initttates a mechanism similar to the endogenous compound

antagonist

drug that fits receptor but fails to initiate or block mechanism

receptor theory of drug action

agonists and antagonists

potency

strenght of drug

steady state

maintaing blood levels within the therapeutic range, achieved once the blood levesls from continued dosing matches the levls of excretion of a drug

agonistic interaction

2 drugs of same type taken together to add and increase overall effect

antagonistic effects

2 unrelated drugs to reduce effectivenss of oral drug

cox 1 (housekeeping) responsible for

gi mucosal integrity, platelet aggregation, renal function

cox 2 (inflamatory gene) responsible for

inflamation, pain, wound healing

penicilins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems

inhibit synthesis of bacterias cell wall (bactericidal antibiotics)

tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglcosides

disrupt normal protein synthesis

sulonamides

inhibit an enzyme used to synthesize tetrahydrofolic acid within bacteria

staphylococcus aureus infection

misuse of antibiotics has lead to increased incidence of antibiotic resistancce

h1 histamine

respiratory tract

h2 histamine

stomach

h3 histamine

cerebrospinal fluid

1st generation h1 antihistamine

lipid soluble, can cross blood brain barrier to affect cns (drowsiness)

2nd gen antihistamine

less lipid soluble, not as drowsy, better for daytime

decongestants

cause vacoconstriction of the blood vessls within the nasal passages to help reduce swelling of mucous membranes

bronchodilators

used by individuals with asthma to relax bronchial spasms and expand airways

antiemetics

used to treat nausea and vomiting (regulated in medulla)

antidarrheals

used to treat symptoms of diarrhea, howerver don't generally treat underlying cause

bulk forming laxative

made of a fiber or cellulose that swells once combined with fluid producing a thick substance that stimulates perisatalsis and pushes the intestinal content forward

osmotic laxatives

function to increase peristalis by drawing water into the intestinal lumen

stimulant laxatives

increase motility of bowels

antacids

neutralize stomach acid and increase gastric pH

fungicidals

disrupt cell membrane of fungus thus killing the fungal cell,

fungistatics

prevent the fungal cell from replicating, allowing the immune system to mainage the infection

antiviral meds

used to treat herpes and influenza infections prevent and reduce duratin and severity of the virus