branch from the base of the aorta to supply the entire myocardium
systole
contraction phase
diastole
atria and ventricles relaxed
stroke volume
amount of blood pumped into aorta during a single ventricular contraction
cardiac output
stroke volume x heart rate: volume of blood pumped per minute
erythrocytes (rbc)
transport o2 remove co2
leukocytes (wbc)
phagocytosis, mediate immune system response
thrombocytes (platelets)
clotting
blood pressure
pressure of blood against arterial walls, maintains perfusion of o2 into organs
myocardial ischemia
myocardium deprived of oxygen resulting in chest pain (angina)
dyspnea
shortness of breath; occurs when cardiac output decreases
fatigue
reduction in the body's capability to perform work
palpitation
senseation of skipped beats or the heart fluttering uncomfortably
arrhythmia
disturbance of the electrical activity that controls the heartbeat which causes cardiac contractions of excessive pace or strenght (palpitations)
claudication
impaired gait, occurs when blood flow to a lower limb is blocked
edema
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, occurs with chronic cardiac conditions or obstruction of veins or lymph vessels
Korotkoff sounds
sounds used to determine bp
atherosclerosis
arteries that have been pathologically narrowed
aneurysm
deformed arteries
athletes heart
general cardiac hypertrophy- enlargmenet of both ventricles due to adaptation to strenuous aerobic exercise
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
pathological enlrgment of the heart associated with an asymmetricl enlrgment of the left ventricular cavity-leading cause of SCD in young athletes
myocardial ischemia
oxygen needed by myocardium exceeds oxygen in blood delivered by the coronary arteries
arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD)
fatty infiltration (penetration) and fibrosis of the myocardium of the right ventricle
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
deformity of mitral valve leaflets that prevents it from closing completely
paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia
intermittently occuring very rapid heart rate at rest >150 bpm- defect in discharge pattern of SA node, atria, or AV node that causes drastic increase in heart rate
Q-T interval
time it takes for ventricles to depolarize and repolarize
Wolfe-parkinson-White Syndrome
accessory pathway between atria and ventricles conducts more rapidlyithan the AV node, and result is that one of the ventricles depolarizes slightly before the other
marfan Syndrome
Connective tissue disorder associated with increased risk for scd, develop potentially fatal deformities in aorta
Commotio Cordis
Sudden blows to the chest that occur during the vulnerable phase of cardiac repolarization that induce a severe ventricular arrhytmia
myocarditis
inflammatory process of the cardiac muscle cells
generic drug
copy of brand name drug whose patents have expired can sell for cheaper bc no experimental cost
enteral routes
routes of admin that provide entry to the boyd by way of alimentary canal or digestive system (oral, rectal)
parenteral routes
injection inhalation sublingual buccal and topical
enteric coating
delays the release of medication until it reaches small intestine
extended release medication
released over a longer period, contains more drug
buccal
between cheek and gum
suppository
common dosage form used to administer meds via rectum
pharmacokinetics
physiological process of how the body acts on a drug (ADME)
bioavailability
amount of drug that is actually available in the body's tissues
first pass effect
occurs if drug is absorbed from the intestine into the liver before entering the systemic circulation
passive diffusion
lipid soluble drugs diffuse more quickly and easily and are capable of passing through blood brain barrier to affect cns
active transport
protein move drug across membrane
facilitated diffusion
drug selectivity through binding of a protein
onset of action
time it takes for drug to reach site of action
duration of action
period of time when concentration levels are sufficient enough to proeduce a therapeutic effect
metabolism
process by which drugs are inactivated and broken down into more water soluble metabolites in preparation for excretion
halflife
time it takes for concentration to be reduced by one half after it has reached peak concentration
elimination
process by which body rids itself of drug
pharmacodynamics
process of how drug acts on the body
agonist
drug that fits the receptor and initttates a mechanism similar to the endogenous compound
antagonist
drug that fits receptor but fails to initiate or block mechanism
receptor theory of drug action
agonists and antagonists
potency
strenght of drug
steady state
maintaing blood levels within the therapeutic range, achieved once the blood levesls from continued dosing matches the levls of excretion of a drug
agonistic interaction
2 drugs of same type taken together to add and increase overall effect
antagonistic effects
2 unrelated drugs to reduce effectivenss of oral drug
cox 1 (housekeeping) responsible for
gi mucosal integrity, platelet aggregation, renal function
cox 2 (inflamatory gene) responsible for
inflamation, pain, wound healing
penicilins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems
inhibit synthesis of bacterias cell wall (bactericidal antibiotics)
tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglcosides
disrupt normal protein synthesis
sulonamides
inhibit an enzyme used to synthesize tetrahydrofolic acid within bacteria
staphylococcus aureus infection
misuse of antibiotics has lead to increased incidence of antibiotic resistancce
h1 histamine
respiratory tract
h2 histamine
stomach
h3 histamine
cerebrospinal fluid
1st generation h1 antihistamine
lipid soluble, can cross blood brain barrier to affect cns (drowsiness)
2nd gen antihistamine
less lipid soluble, not as drowsy, better for daytime
decongestants
cause vacoconstriction of the blood vessls within the nasal passages to help reduce swelling of mucous membranes
bronchodilators
used by individuals with asthma to relax bronchial spasms and expand airways
antiemetics
used to treat nausea and vomiting (regulated in medulla)
antidarrheals
used to treat symptoms of diarrhea, howerver don't generally treat underlying cause
bulk forming laxative
made of a fiber or cellulose that swells once combined with fluid producing a thick substance that stimulates perisatalsis and pushes the intestinal content forward
osmotic laxatives
function to increase peristalis by drawing water into the intestinal lumen
stimulant laxatives
increase motility of bowels
antacids
neutralize stomach acid and increase gastric pH
fungicidals
disrupt cell membrane of fungus thus killing the fungal cell,
fungistatics
prevent the fungal cell from replicating, allowing the immune system to mainage the infection
antiviral meds
used to treat herpes and influenza infections prevent and reduce duratin and severity of the virus
deep somatic pain
bone nerve muscle tendons ligaments arteries or joints
visceral pain
internal organs
hyperplasia
increase in nmber of cells in a tissue without chane in the rate of cell division or function (adaptaion to chronic increased metabolic demands)
metaplasia
replacement of cells of one type with antoher in response to physical or chemical irritants
dysplasia
cells adapt by changing to an abnormal cell type (cancer)
necrosis
cell death
proliferative stage
serves to close the tissue wond (scar)
remodeling stage
overlaps proliferative: some tissue remodeling occurs while collagein is still being deposited to heal the damage. stops when structure is restored
hyperpnea
rapid respiration
osteocytes
mature bone cells
osteoplats
produce osteocytes
osteoclats
resorbe osteocytes
osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone and bone marrow
arthritis
subtle joint instability and joint capsule inflammation
connective tissue
collagen and elastin. heals with collagen only, loses flexibility after injury
epithelium
lines int. ext surfaces of body
endothelium
lines cardiovasuclar system
hemorrhage
loss of large amounts of blood from vascular system
shock
organs become deprived of blood borne nutrients and oxygen
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