chapter 16 out of many
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| Mary Ann Bickerdyke | A middle~aged widow who made her living as a botanic physicians was sent to help the soldier of Galesburg, IL at the Cairo camp
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| Women’s Central Association of Relief | Organizers who were mostly reformers in the abolitionist, temperance, and education movements.
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| Fort Sumpter | A major federal military installation, sat on a granite island at the entrance to Charleston Harbor
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| General P.G.T. Beauregard | Ordered by Jefferson Davis to attack Fort Sumpter if it was not surrendered. Attacked within two days
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| Upper South | Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina
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| Battle of Bull Run | July 1861: Beauregard (Confederacy) and McDowell (Union) meet at Manassas. Confederate troops repulse a strong union attack.
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| Lincoln | Was the first president to act as commander~in~chief in both a practical and a symbolic way
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| Edwin M. Stanton | A former democrat from Ohio who directed the War Department
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| Legal Tender Act | Act creating a national currency in Feb. 1862
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| National Bank Act | Act prohibiting state banks from issuing their own notes and forcing them to apply for federal chaters
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| Morrill Tariff Act | Act that raised tariffs to more than double their prewar rate
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| Union Pacific Railroad company | Created by Congress to build a transcontinental railroad going from Omaha to the west
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| Central Pacific | Also created by Congress to build from California to the east
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| Homestead Act | Law passed by congress in May 1862 providing homesteads with 160 acre of free land in exchange for improving the land within five years of the grant
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| Morrill Land Grant Act | Law passed by Congress in July 1862 awarding proceeds from the sale of public lands to the states fro the establishment of agricultural and mechanical colleges
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| El Cinco de Mayo | The fifth of May in 1862 on which the Mexican force repelled the French troops who eventually prevailed and took over the government of Mexico
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| Brownsville | Town on Texas~Mexican border that was seized by union troops to send a message to the French in Mexico that that was the farthest they could go
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| William Seward | Secretary of state whose job it was to prevent diplomatic relations with the British and French with the Confederacy
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| Anaconda Plan | Proposed by Winfield Scott in which the south was squeezed with a blockade on sea and Mississippi river on land
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| Peninsular campaign | Union offensive led by McClellan with the objective of capturing Richmond
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| Seven Days | Name of series of battles near Richmond between 120000 union troops led by McClellan countered by Robert E. Lee
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| George B. McClellan | Trained troops for one year and then took them to Richmond in which he tried to avoid battle and was soon defeated by Lee and released from his position by Lincoln
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| Ulysses S. Grant | Rising military figure in the West wh had once resigned from the service b/c of a drinking problem. Captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson. Led troops all the way down to New Orleans. Along with Farragut, was able to cut Texas off of confederate
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| Colorado Volunteer Infantry Regiment | A ragtag group of 950 miners and adventurers who resisted the Confederates at the Battle of Glorieta pass
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| William Quantrill | A confederate whos raiders mad a predawn attack on Lawrence, Kansas in 1863.
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| John Ross | Leader of the majority pro~Union Cherokee fullbloods. Tried to assure safety of his people by claiming neutrality but later signed alliance with confederates
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| Stand Watie | A native American who became a confederate military officer
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| Kit Carson | Invaded Navajo country in Arizona in retaliation for Indian raids on U.S. troops
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| Virginia | A scuttled Union vessel called the Merrimac with iron plating. Was used at the Norfolk harbor to challenge Union blockage
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| Monitor | North’s experimental ironclad which was waiting for the Virginia
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| Elizabeth Keckley | Seamstress to Mary Todd Lincoln, she founded the Contraband Relief Association
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| Emancipation Proclamation | Decree announced by President Abraham Lincoln in September 1862 and formally issued on January 1, 1863, freeing slaves in all Confederate states still in rebellion
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| Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony | Reformers who lobbied and petitioned for a constitutional amendment outlawing slavery
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| Thirteenth Amendment | Constitutional amendment ratified in 1865 that freed all slaves throughout the United States
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| Robert Fitzgerald | A free African American from Pennsylvania who first drove a wagon and mule for the Quartermaster Corps and served in the Union navy. Later enlisted in the Fifth Massachusetts Cavalry
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| Massachusetts | First state to enact the first law forbidding discrimination against African Americans in public facilities
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| Jomini doctrine | The conventional military doctrine of massed infantry offensives
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| Andersonville | A Confederate prison camp in northern Georgia that was an open stockade with no shade or shelter
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| Clara Barton | Best known woman volunteer who had been a government clerk and knew a number of congressmen. Organized nursing and distribution of medical supplies
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| Walt Whitman | A poet who became one of the man nurses helping soldiers
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| Copperhead | A term republicans applied to northern war dissenters and those suspected of aiding the Confederate cause during the war
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| Clement Vallandigham | The leader of the Copperheads who is a former Ohio congressman and advocated an armistice and a negotiated peace
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| Salmon P. Chase | A radical who caused a cabinet crisis when eh encouraged Senate Republicans to complain that William Seward was lukewarm in support for emancipation
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| Special Filed Order 15 | Sherman’s response to salves by setting aside more than 400000 acres of Confederate land to be given to the freed slaves in forty~acre parcesl
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