Exactly what it says on the tin
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| ISO | International Organization for Standarization
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| ASTM | American Society for Testing and Materials, International
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| ASCLD-LAB | American Society of Crime Lab Directors- Lab Accreditation Board
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| Chain of custody | documentation of location of evidence from the time it is obtained to the time it is presented in court
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| AFTE | Association of Firearms and Toolmarks Examiners
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| Toxicology | chemical analysis of bodily fluid and tissues to determine if a drug or poison is present.
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| Datum | A fixed point of reference for all three-dimensional measurements
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| Artifact | Human-made or modified portable object
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| Feature | Non-portable artifact
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| Matrix | Surrounding material (soil, water, or a living room)
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| Provenance | Origin and deviation of an item in a three-dimensional space, in relation to the datum ad other items
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| Context | The relationship between items and the surroundings where they are found
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| 1. duty of the FO | Detain any potential suspects
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| 2. duty of the FO | Render medical assistance to those who need it
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| 3. duty of the FO | Do not destroy, alter, or add evidence at the scene
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| 4. duty of the FO | Prevent others, even superiors, from mucking with the evidence
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| MSDS | Material Safety Data Sheet
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| Universal Precautions | Require employees to treat all human blood, body fluids, and other materials as if they are infected
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| Evidence | Information that is given in a legal investigation to make a fact or proposition seem more or less likely
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| Trier-of-fact | Whoever determines the guilt of innocence
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| Proxy data | Remnants of events left behind
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| Demonstrative evidence | Prepared later to help the trier-of-fact understand complex testimony
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| Conclusive evidence | Evidence so strong as to overbear any other evidence to the contrary
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| Cirscumtantial evidence | Evidence based on inference and not personal knowledge or observation
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| Conflicting evidence | Irreconcilable evidence that comes from different sources
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| Corroborating evidence | Evidence that differs from but strengthens or confirms other evidence
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| Derivative evidence | Evidence that is discovered as a result of of illegally obtained evidence and is therefore inadmissible because of the primary taint
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| Exculpatory evidence | Evidence tending to establish a criminal defendant's innocence
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| Foundational evidence | Evidence that determines the admissibility of other evidence
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| Hearsay | Testimony that is given by a witness who relates what others have said
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| Incriminating evidence | Evidence tending to establish guilt or from which a fact-trier can establish guilt
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| Presumptive evidence | Evidence deemed true and sufficient unless discredited by other evidence
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| Prima facie evidence | Evidence that will establish a fact or sustain a judgement unless contradictory evidence is produced
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| Probative evidence | Evidence that tend to prove or disprove a point in issue
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| Rebuttal evidence | Evidence offered to disprove or contradict the evidence presented by the opposing party
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| Tainted evidence | Evidence that is inadmissible because it was directly or indirectly obtained by illegal means
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| Direct transfer | Transferred from object A to object B
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| Indirect transfer | Involves one or more intermediate objects
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| Contamination | Any transfers that take place after the action surrounding the crime has stopped
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| Class | Group of objects with similar characteristics
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| Questioned evidence | Evidence for which the original source is unknown
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| Known evidence | Evidence for which the original source is known
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| Coincidental Associations | Two things which have previously never been in contact with each other have items on them which any anatomically indistinguishable at a certain class level
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| Type I error | False positive, saying something is blood when it is not
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| Type II error | False negative, saying something is not blood when it is
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| Simple magnification system | A single lens used to form an enlarged image of an object
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| Compound magnification system | Magnification occurs in two stages
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| Lens | Material that bends light in a known and predictable manner
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| Focal length | Distance between two points of focus on either side of the lens
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| Resolution | Minimum distance two things can be separated and still be distinguished as two objects (d=λ/2NA)
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| Numerical aperture | Angular measure of the lens' light-gathering ability (NA=nsinμ) μ being half the angle of aperture of the objective
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| Eyepiece/ocular | Lens that an observer looks into
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| Field of view | The area seen through the eyepieces
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| 10x/0.25na/170mm/0.17Plan Apo | 10 times magnification, 0.25 numerical aperture, 170mm tube length, 0.17mm recommended coverslip thickness, plan apochromat corrected
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| Condenser | Used to obtain a bright, even field of view and improve image resolution
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| Kohler illumination | Sets light rays parallel throughout the lens system
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| Refractive index | N = c/v, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum (186000 miles per second) and v is the speed of light in the material
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| Snell's Law | n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2
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| Isotropic | Optically the same throughout, only one refractive index
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| Anisotropic | Optical properties that vary with orientation of incoming light, has an ordinary and extraordinary ray
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| Birefringence | Division of light into the ordinary and extraordinary ray when it passes through certain types of material (n=ne-no)
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| Fluoresence | The luminescence of a substance excited by radiation, emission stops when the excitation stops
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| Phosphorescence | Characterized by long-lived emission
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| TEM | Transmission electron microscope
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| SEM | Scanning electron microscope
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| Electromagnetic radiation | Various types of energy in the form of waves
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| Wavelength | Distance between corresponding points on two adjacent waves (c=λ/v) where c is the speed of light, λ is the wavelength, and v is the frequency
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| Frequency | The number of waves that pass a given point in one second
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| Photon | Tiny packets of energy (E=hv or hc/λ)
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| Electromagnetic spectrum | High energy. Gamma, X-rays, Ultraviolet, Visible, Infared, Microwave, Radio. Low energy
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| Microspectrophotometry | Used for comparing colors, measures UV and visible light spectra
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| Beer's Law | Relates the amount of absorbing substance present to the quantity of absorbance of light
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| Analyte | Substance or substances being identified
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| Solvent | Liquid or liquid solution that is used to dissolve an analyte
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| Solute | Substance that is dissolved in a solvent
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| Partitioning | Competition of two solvents for an analyte
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| Adsorption | Process whereby a solid, liquid or gaseous analyte is attracted to the surface of a dissolving molecule
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| Gas chromatography | The most versatile form of chromatography
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| Electrophoresis | Type of chromatography that relies on the role of an electric field
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| Hairs | Fibrous growths that originate from the skin of mammals
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| Epidermis | Outer layer of the skin
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| Follicle | Structure within which hairs grow
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| Keratin | Tough, protein-based material from which hairs, nails, and horns are made
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| Keratinization | Hardening process of hair growth
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| Sebaceous glands | In the follicle, produces oils that coat hairs helping to keep them soft and pliable
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| Pili arrector | Tiny muscles that raise hairs
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| Anagen | First stage of hair growth, follicle produces new cells
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| Catagen | Second stage of hair growth, follicle begins to shut down production of cells
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| Melanin/Pigment | Small coloured granules that give hairs their particular color
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| Melanocytes | Specialized cells that produce melanin/pigment
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| Eumelanin | Dark brown pigment
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| Pheomelanin | Lighter pigment
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| Root bulb/club root | Root condenses into this during the catagen phase of hair growth
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| Telogen | Resting phase for hair growth, root is held in place only by a mechanical connection
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| Root | Portion that was formerly in the follicle
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| Tip | Distal-most portion of the hair
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| Shaft | Main portion of the hair
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| Cuticle | Series of overlapping series of scales that forma protective covering
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| Imbricate | Human scale pattern
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| Cortex | Structure that makes up the bulk of the hair
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| Cortical fusi | Small bubbles that may appear in the cortex
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| Ovoid bodies | Odd structures that look like large pigment granules and may appear irregularly in the cortex
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| Guard hairs | Large stiff hairs that make up the outer part of an animal's coat
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| Shield | Widening in guard hairs in the upper half of the shaft
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| Buckling | Abrupt change in direction of the hair shaft with or without a slight twist
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| Shouldering | Asymmetrical cross-section of hairs
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| Pili annulati | Hairs with colored rings
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| Monilethrix | Makes hairs look like strings of beads
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| Pili torti | Twisting of the hair along its length, creating a spiral morphology
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| Natural fiber | Any fiber that exists as a fiber in its natural state
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| Manufactured fiber | Any fiber derived by a process of manufacturing from any substance that, at any point, is not a fiber
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| Filaments | Type of fiber having indefinite or extreme length
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| Staple fibers | Natural fibers or cut lengths of filament 7/8 in - 8 in
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| Denier | Weight in grams of 9000 m of the material fibrous
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| Yarn | Term for continuous strands of textile fibers, filaments, or material in a form suitable for entangling to form a textile fabric
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| Plied yarn | Yarn composed of several smaller strands of yarn twisted together
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| Fabric | Textile structure produced by interlacing yarns, fibers, or filaments with substantial surface area relative to its thickness
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| Synthetic fibers | Manufactured fibers that are synthesized from a chemical compound
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| Soil | Contains both organic (humus) and inorganic (crushed rock and clay) material
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| Glass | Amorphous solid, usually transparent
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| Coatings | Any surface coating designed to protect, aesthetically improve, or provide some special quality, coloquially: paint
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| Paint | Suspension of pigments and additives designed to color of protect a surface
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| Binder | That portion of the coating that allows the pigment to be distributed across the surface
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| Vehicle | Solvents, resins, and other additives that form a continuous film, binding the pigment to the surface
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| Microtome | A device that holds a sample in place while a heavy and very sharp knife slices off sections a few tens of microns thick
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| Bertillonage | First system of identification, used anthropometric measurements
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| Friction ridges | Leave fingerprints, found on the palms, soles, and ends of fingers and toes
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| Patent print | Fingerprint in some medium, blood, clay, fresh paint
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| Latent print | Composed of the sweat and oils of the body that are transferred from the ridge pattern to some substrate
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| Minutiae | Ridge characteristics
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| Loop | One or more ridges entering from one side, curving back on themselves, and exiting the fingertip on the same side
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| Arch | Ridges enter the print, gradually rise, and exit the opposite side
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| Tented Arch | Arches with a pronounced sharp peak
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| Whorl | Have type lines and at least two deltas, can be plain, central pocket, double loop, and accidental
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| AFIS | Automated Fingerprint Identification System
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| Exemplar | Known, authentic writing sample
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| Requested writing | Writing samples taken from someone for the purpose of comparison with a questioned document
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| Non-requested writing | Examples of subject's writing taken in the normal course of personal or business transactions
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| Formal signature | Written carefully on an official document, name is not in doubt
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| Informal signature | Used in routine correspondence where you want the person to recognize the name but the spelling isn't important
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| Stylistic signature | Used in signing checks, credit card receipts, looks like a scribble
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| Document alterations | Obliterations, erasures, additional markings, indented writings, and charred documents
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| Obliteration | Overwriting of a sample of writing or printing with another writing instrument
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| Abrasive erasure | Removing writing with an abrasive eraser material
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| Chemical erasure | Dissolving or bleaching ink so it is no longer visible
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| Indented writing | An image of the writing on one or more pages below
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| ESDA | Electrostatic Detection Apparatus
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| Rifling | Series of lands and grooves down the inside of a gun barrel
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| Striations | Impressions of the interior barrel surface made on a bullet as it passes through the gun
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| Bore | Diameter of a circle that touches the tops of the lands
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| Caliber | Refers to the size of a particular ammunition cartride
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| Gauge | Diameter of the shotgun barrel
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| Firing pin impression | Mark made by the firing pin as it strikes the primer cap
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| Extraction/Ejection marks | Marks indicative of the method of cartridge extraction or ejection
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| Trigger pull | The force required to pull the trigger to the firing position
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| Gunshot residue | Cloud of molten metals, partially burned gunpowder flakes, smoke, and other microscopic debris expelled when the gun fires
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| Footwear impression | When a piece of footwear comes into contact with a recipient material or object
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| Imprint | Made when there is enough residue to leave an impression on the recipient surface
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| Frye | General acceptance within the particular scientific field to which it belongs
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| Daubert | Falsifiability, knowledge of error rates, peer review, general acceptance, general acceptance
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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