Cells Vocabulary
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| Homeostasis | The maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment
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| Hypothermia | the condition of having an abnormally low body temperature, typically one that is dangerously low
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| Stimulus | Anything that causes a reaction or change in an organism or any part of an organism
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| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism
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| Reproduction | the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parents"
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| Single-Celled organism | Made up of only one cell
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| Microscopic | so small as to be visible only with a microscope
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| Flagellum | a slender threadlike structure, especially a microscopic whiplike appendage that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa to swim
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| Cilia | minute hairlike organelles
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| Prokaryotic | a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles
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| Eukaryotic | an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus
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| Photosynthesis | When green organisms convert the energy in sunlight to energy stored in food
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| Respiration | a process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances
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| Excretion | the process of eliminating or expelling waste matter
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| Chlorophyll | a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis
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| Cytoplasmic streaming | the liquid component of the cytoplasm and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin
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| Pseudopod | a temporary protrusion of the protoplasm usually serving as an organ of locomotion
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| Protist | the highest scientific classification of a group of one-celled organisms
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| Cell wall | The rigid outermost cell layer found in plants and certain algae, bacteria, and fungi
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| Cell | The smallest unit that can perform all life processes
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| Cell membrane | the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell
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| Nucleus | a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells containing the genetic material.
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| Cytoplasm | the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus
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| Golgi body | cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell
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| Vesicles | a fluid- or air-filled cavity or sac
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| Vacuoles | a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid
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| Mitochondria | an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur
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| Ribosome | a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells
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| Lysosome | an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane
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| DNA | a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information
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| Proteins | Large molecules that are made up of smaller molecules called amino acids that is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate processes in the body
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| Lipids | any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
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| Microscope | an optical instrument used for viewing very small objects, such as mineral samples or animal or plant cells, typically magnified several hundred times
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| Chloroplast | in green plant cells, a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.
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| Tissue | any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products
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| Organ | a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver in humans
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| Organisms | an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form
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| Ecosystem | a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
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| Multicellular | having or consisting of many cells
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| Asexual reproduction | Reproduction that does not involve the union of sex cells and in which one parent produces offspring identical to itself
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| Sexual reproduction | Reproduction in which the sex cells from two parents unite, producing offspring that share traits from both parents
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| Mitosis | a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth
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| Meiosis | a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores
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| Fertilization | the action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote
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| Sperm | the male impregnating fluid
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| Egg | a sex cell produced by a female
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| Zygote | a fertilized egg
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| Gametes | a mature male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote
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| Chromosome | a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes
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| Phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment
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| Genotype | the genetic constitution of an individual organism
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| Heredity | The passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring
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| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism
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| Producer | An organism that can make its own food by using energy from its surroundings
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| Consumer | An organism that eats other organisms or organic matter
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| Decomposer | An organism that gets energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or animal wastes
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| Protein | a molecule that is made up of amino acids and is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate processes in the body
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| Carbohydrates | Molecules made of sugar
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| Simple carbohydrates | Made up of one sugar molecule. Ex. Sugar in fruit
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| Amino acids | the building blocks of proteins
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| Molecule | A substance made when two or more atoms combine
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| Compounds | Molecules made of different kinds of atoms
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| Complex carbohydrates | Made up of hundreds of sugar molecules. Ex. Potato
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| Nucleotides | a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group
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| Phospholipids | A lipid that contains phosphorus and is a structural component in cell membranes
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| Lipids | A type of biochemical that does not dissolve in water. Ex. Fats
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| ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate | A molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes
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| Nucleic acids | Blueprints of life that have all the information needed for a cell to make proteins
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| ER or endoplasmic reticulum | a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane
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| Hydrophilic | Water loving
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| Hydrophobic | Water fearing
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| Cellulose | A complex sugar that most animals can't digest
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| Cytoskeleton | a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence
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| Nucleolus | a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase
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| euglena | a large genus of unicellular protists, which have both plant and animal characteristics. All are motile by means of a flagellum (animal characteristic).
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| paramecium | one of the best-known protists, often taught in school biology courses. It is a ciliate genus. Ciliates are a clade of protists which move by synchronous waves of tiny projections from their cuticle. These projections are called cilia.
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| volvox | a polyphyletic genus of chlorophyte green algae in the family Volvocaceae. It forms spherical colonies of up to 50,000 cells. They live in a variety of freshwater habitats, and were first reported by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1700.
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| ameoba | a type of cell or organism which has the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods.
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