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13,000 B.C.E. | Human migration to North America from Siberia
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8000–7000 B.C.E | Origins of agriculture in Mesoamerica
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4000 B.C.E. | Origins of maize cultivation in Mesoamerica
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3000 B.C.E. | Origins of agriculture in South America
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1200–100 B.C.E. | Olmec society
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1000–300 B.C.E. | Chavín cult
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200 B.C.E.–750 C.E. | Teotihuacan society
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300–1100 C.E. | Maya society
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300–700 C.E. | Mochica society
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60,000 B.C.E. | Human migration to Australia and New Guinea
3000 B.C.E.
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3000 B.C.E. | Origins of agriculture in New Guinea
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3000 B.C.E. | Austronesian migrations to New Guinea
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1500–500 B.C.E. | Lapita society
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1500 B.C.E.–700 C.E. | Austronesian migrations to Pacific islands
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Early societies of Mesoamerica politics | ikal was the most important Maya political center, 300 to 900 C.E.
Maya warfare: warriors had prestige; captives were slaves or victims
Chichén Itzá, power by the ninth century; loose empire in Yucatan
Maya decline began in 800 C.E.;
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Early societies of Mesoamerica interactions with environment | As hunting became difficult, agriculture began (7500 B.C.E.)
Early agriculture: beans, squashes, chilies; later, maize became the staple (5000 B.C.E.)
Agricultural villages appeared after 3000 B.C.E.
No large domesticated animals, no wheeled vehicles
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Early societies of Mesoamerica religion | Popol Vuh, a Maya creation myth, taught that gods created humans out of maize and water
Gods maintained agricultural cycles in exchange for honors and sacrifices
Bloodletting rituals honored gods for rains
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Early societies of Mesoamerica art and architecture | Colossal pyramids of sun and moon
High point between 400 and 600 C.E.; two hundred thousand inhabitants
Paintings and murals reflect the importance of priests
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Early societies of Mesoamerica technology | The Maya ball game: sporting, gambling, and religious significance
Heirs of the Olmecs: Teotihuacan
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Early societies of Mesoamerica economy | didn't show
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Early societies of Mesoamerica society | Kings, priests, and hereditary nobility at the top
Merchants were from the ruling class; they served also as ambassadors
Professional architects and artisans were important
Peasants and slaves were majority of population
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Early societies of South America politics | military
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Early societies of South America interactions with environment | By 8000 B.C.E. they began to experiment with agriculture and Main crops: beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes, cotton
Fishing supplemented agricultural harvests
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Early societies of South America art and architecture | By 1800 B.C.E. the people produced pottery, built temples and pyramids
The Chavín Cult, from about 900 to 300 B.C.E.
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Early societies of South America technology | agriculture
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Early societies of South America economy | Irrigation, trade, military, no writing
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Early societies of South America society | Andean society increases during Chavín
Devised techniques of producing cotton textiles and fishing nets
Discovered gold, silver, and copper metallurgy
Cities began to appear shortly after Chavín cult
Early Andeans did not make use of writing
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Early societies of South America religion | no signs of religion
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Early societies of Oceania politics | By the mid-centuries of the first millennium C.E., human communities in all habitable islands of the Pacific Ocean
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Early societies of Oceania interactions with environment | Australia: hunting and gathering until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries C.E. and Early agriculture in New Guinea: root crops and herding animals,Agriculture and domesticated animals
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Early societies of Oceania religion | Divine or semi divine chiefs: led public rituals, oversaw irrigation
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Early societies of Oceania art and architecture | Pottery with geometric designs and trade works of trade/communication: pottery, obsidian, shells, tools traded
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Early societies of Oceania technology | Outrigger canoes enabled them to sail safely
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Early societies of Oceania economy | trade network declined; cultures developed independently
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Early societies of Oceania society | Outrigger canoes enabled them to sail safely
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