History
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| The Mauryan dynasty | Magadha kingdom filled power vacuum left by withdrawal of Alexander of Macedon
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| When did Chandragupta Maurya began conquest ? | in 320s B.C.E.
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| How was Maurya dynasty founded? | by stretching from Bactria to Ganges
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| Arthashastra | Kautala's advice manual,an outlined administrative methods
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| Ashoka Maurya | Conquered the kingdom of Kalinga
Ruled through tightly organized bureaucracy
Established capital at Pataliputra
Policies were written on rocks or pillars
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| How did the empire maryuan declined? | after his death because of financial problems
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| Greek-speaking Bactrians ruled in northwest India for how many centuries? | two centuries
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| What were the Kushans? | were the nomads from Central Asia,they conquered and ruled, 1-300 C.E.
High point was Emperor Kashika, 78-103 C.E.
had a role in the silk road tradding network
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| who founded the Gupta dynasty? | Chandra Gupta (375-415 C.E.)
Smaller and more decentralized than Maurya
Invasion of White Huns weakened the empire
Large regional kingdoms dominated political life in India
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| What did towns privided? | manufactured products and luxury goods
Active marketplaces, especially along Ganges
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| With who would they trade? | Persia, China, Indian Ocean basin, Indonesia, southeast Asia, Mediterranean basin
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| Gender relations | patriarchal families, female subordination, child marriage
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| Development of caste system | With trade and commerce new social groups of artisans, craftsmen, and merchants appeared and functioned as sub castes, or jati
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| What did Vaishyas and shudras saw ? | unprecedented wealth
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| What in the Aryan society became increasingly irrelevant? | Old beliefs and values
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| What did Vardhamana Mahavira (Jina) founded? | Jain religion in 5th century B.C.E.
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| Jainist doctrine and ethics | Inspired by the Upanishads: everything in universe has a soul
Striving to purify one's selfish behavior to attain a state of bliss
nonviolence toward all living things
Too demanding, not a practical alternative to the cult of the brahman
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| Jainism | individual souls equally participated in ultimate reality
Jains did not recognize social hierarchies of caste and jati
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| Who became the Buddha? | Siddhartha Gautama
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| What did Siddhartha Gautama do? | he received enlightenment under the bo tree
First sermon :at the Deer Park of Sarnath
Organized followers into a community of monks
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| What was the Buddhist doctrine? | the dharma
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| the dharma | The Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path are the way to end suffering
Suffering is caused by desire
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| What was the religious goal for the Buddhism? | Religious goal: personal salvation, or nirvana, a state of perfect spiritual independence
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| How did buddhism appealed to members? | Appealed strongly to members of lower castes because it did not recognize social hierarchies of castes and jati
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| Buddhism | Was less demanding than Jainism, which made it more popular
Used vernacular tongues, not Sanskrit
Holy sites venerated by pilgrims
The monastic organizations,extremely efficient at spreading the Buddhist message and winning converts to the faith
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| Who became the important patron of Buddhism? | Ashoka
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| What did early buddhism made? | heavy demands on individuals
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| Development of Buddhism | Buddha became a god
Monasteries began to accept gifts from wealthy individuals
These changes became known as Mahayana Buddhism
Educational institutions (like Nalanda) promoted new faith
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| The emergence of popular Hinduism | a secular poem revised by brahman scholars to honor the god Vishnu, the preserver of the world Ramayana, a secular story of Rama and Sita, was changed into a Hindu story
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| The Bhagavad Gita | A short poetic work: dialogue between Vishnu and warrior which
Illustrated expectations of Hinduism and promise of salvation
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| Hindu ethics | Achieve salvation through meeting caste responsibilities
Lead honorable lives in the world
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| Who gradually replaced Buddhism in india? | Hinduism
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