Eastham- Anatomy
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| 4 major functional characteristics of skeletal muscle | contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity
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| contractility | ability to shorten with force
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| excitability | ability to respond to a stimulus
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| extensibility | ability to be stretched
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| elasticity | ability to recoil to the original shape
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| muscles help to produce... | heat
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| epimysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds skeletal muscle
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| fascia | surrounds and separates muscles, located outside of the epimysium
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| muscle fasciculi or fascicle | visible bundles that make a muscle
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| perimysium | surrounds muscle fasciculi/fasicle
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| fasciculi are composed of... | single muscle cells
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| single muscle cells | muscle fibers
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| muscle fiber | a cylindrical cell containing several nuclei
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| endomysium | surrounds each muscle fiber
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| myofibrils | fills the cytoplasm of each fiber, a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| 2 major kinds of protein fibers in myofibrils | actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments
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| actin myofilaments | thin, resemble 2 minute strands of twisted pearls
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| myosin myofilaments | thick, resemble bundles of minute golf clubs
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| acftin and myosin myofilaments form... | highly ordered units called sarcomeres
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| sarcomere | joined end to end to form the myofibril, the basic structural and functional unity of the muscle
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| each sarcomere extends from.... | one Z line to another Z line
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| attachment site for actin | Z line
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| each side of the Z line | light colored area called an I band, consists of actin
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| extends the length of the myosin and the darker central region in each sarcomere | A band
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| center of each sarcomere | another light colored area called the H zone, consists of only myosin
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| myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere at a dark staining band called... | M line
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| outside of most cell membranes is... | positively charged
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| inside of the cell membrane is... | negatively charged
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| the charge difference across the membrane is... | the resting membrane potential
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| brief reversal back of the charge is... | action potential
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| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons
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| axons enter... | the muscles and branch
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| each branch that connects to the muscle forms... | neuromuscular junction, or synapse near the center of the cell
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| single motor neuron and all skeletal muscle fibers it innervates | motor unit
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| many motor units form... | a single muscle
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| formed by an enlarged nerve terminal resting in an indentation of the muscle cell membrane | neuromuscular junction
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| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal
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| synaptic cleft | space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| postsynaptic terminal | the muscle fiber
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| each presynaptic terminal contains... | synaptic vesicles
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| synaptic vesicles secrete a neurotransmitter called... | acetylcholine
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| the function of acetylcholine | it diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic terminal causing a change in the postsynaptic cell
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| when an action potential reaches the nerve terminal, it causes... | the synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis
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| the acetylcholine diffuses across... and binds to... in the muscle cell membrane (sarcolemma) | the synaptic cleft, receptor molecules
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| combination of acetylcholine with its receptors causes... | an influx of sodium ions into the muscle fiber
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| influx causes an action potential in the muscle cell which causes... | the muscle to contract
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| enzymes that rapidly break down the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell | acetylcholinesterase
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| occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten | muscle contraction
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| when sarcomeres shorten it causes the muscle to... | shorten
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| the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction is called... | sliding filament mechanism; the H and I bands shorten, but the A bands do not change in length
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| a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | muscle twitch
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| a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called... | a threshold, at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally
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| fibers responding to stimulus at the threshold level and contracting maximally is a phenomenon called... | all-or-none response
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| time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction | lag phase
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| time of contraction | contraction phase
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| time during which the muscle relaxes | relaxation phase
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| when the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany
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| the increase in number of motor units being activated | recruitment
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| needed for energy for muscle contraction | ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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| produced in the mitochondria, short-lived, and unstable | ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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| ATP degenerates to the more stable... | ADP (adenosine diphosphate) plus phosphate
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| when muscles rest, they can't stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule... | creatine phosphate
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| without oxygen | anaerobic respiration (weight-lifting, sprinting, jumping)
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| with oxygen (more efficient) | aerobic respiration (running, swimming, hiking, dancing)
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| the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores to creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells... | oxygen debt
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| when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells | muscle fatigue
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| 2 types of muscle contractions | isometric and isotonic
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| equal distance contraction | isometric
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| equal tension contraction | isotonic
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| refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time, keeps heads up and backs straight | muscle tone
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| contracts quickly and fatigues quickly (white meat) | fast-twitch fibers
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| contracts more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue (dark meat) | slow-twitch fibers
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| most stationary end of the muscle (head) | origin
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| end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | insertion
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| portion of muscle between origin and insertion | belly
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| muscles that work together | synergists
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| muscles that work in opposition | antagonists
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| one muscle playing the major role in accomplishing desired movement among a group of synergists | prime mover
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| muscle names are... | descriptive
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| muscles are named according to... | location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function, etc.
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