Chapter 2 - A Beka Book
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| Geology | The study of the earth
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| Geologists | Scientist who study the earth
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| The great Flood in Genesis 7 and 8 are undoubtedly responsible for what? | Most of the earth's present features and fossils
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| What are the earth's three major layers based on composition? | The crust, mantle, and core
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| Sediments | Deposits of sand, mineral fragments, or organic matterials; usually left by wind or water
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| The most abundant element in the earth's crust | Oxygen
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| Silica | A compound found in sand
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| The crust's composition varies depending on what? | Whether the crust underlies the continents or the ocean
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| Crust | The earth's outer layer made of solid rock
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| Seismic waves | Earthquake vibrations; derives everything we know about beneath the crust
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| Mantle | The earth's middle layer
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| Mohorovicic discontinuity (aka. Moho) | The part of the earth where the density of the rocks change; the place between the crust and mantle
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| Upper mantle | Extends from the Moho down about 250 miles
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| Lower mantle | Extends from about 650 miles to about 1800 beneath the surface
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| The area in between the upper and lower mantle | Transition zone
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| Rocks that flow like a thick, syrupy liquid in slow motion | Plastic rock
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| The deeper you go in the earth, the ___ ___ ___ ___. | higher the temperature becomes
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| Core-mantle boundary (aka. The Gutenberg Discontinuity) | Lies approximately 1800 beneath the surface and marks the bottom of the mantle
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| Core | the central part of the earth
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| Outer core | made of liquid
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| Inner core | Solid
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| Plates | "float" like rafts on the plastic rock of the upper mantle
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| Lithosphere "sphere of stone" | A region of the earth's crust and upper mantle; composed by the eight large plates and several smaller plates
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| Plate tectonics | The theory that the earth is composed of plates
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| Some advocates believe that at on time all the continents were connected together into one huge land mass called ___. | Pangaea
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| Forces | The pulling or pushing of one object upon another
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| When a layer of rock breaks and moves due to the strain of the forces upon it, the fracture zone is called a(n) ___. | fault
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| Normal fault | Occurs when rocks along one side of a fault sink vertically; forms cliffs
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| Strike-slip fault | Occurs when rocks along one side of a fault move horizontally along the fault
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| Thrust fault | Results when rocks on one side of a fault are shoved on top of the rocks on the other side
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| Fold | Forms by the bending or buckling of rocks under great force
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| Syncline | Rocks that bend downward during the folding process form this trough-like sturcture
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| Rocks that buckle upward during folding form and arch-like structure called a(n) ___. | anticline
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| Mountains | Elevated land masses that are higher than hills
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| Domed mountains | Form when molten rock is forced beneath an overlying rock layer
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| Volcanic mountains | Form when molten rock erupts form a hole in the earth's crust
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| Folded mountains | Form when the edges of two adjacent rock layers were pushed together, causing the layers to buckle like a wrinkled rug
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| Fault-block mountains | Form along a fault; the rocks on one side are forced upward, while the other rocks sink
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| Topographical map | Show an area's elevation and natural features as well as man-made structures
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| Contour lines | The curving or circular lines that show the terrain's shape and elevation
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| Tectonic earthquakes | Earthquakes that result form sudden movements of rock beneath the earth's surface
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| Tremor | A weak earthquake
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| Tsunamis | Giant sea waves
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| Even the largest earthquakes typically last a(n) ___. | minute
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| Aftershocks | Smaller earthquakes or tremors that often follow and earthquake
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| Seismology | The study of earthquakes
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| Seismologist | Scientist who study earthquakes
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| Tectonic earthquakes are primarily the result of ___. | faulting
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| Faulting | The sudden movement of rock masses along a fault
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| Elastic rebound theory | The theory that rocks on either side of a fault spring back to a position of little or no strain at the moment of an earthquake, triggering vibrations in the earth's crust
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| Fault scarp | A short cliff made when rocks along one side of the fault may be lifted several feet higher than those on a cliff
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| San Andreas fault | A strike-slip fault that moves about 2 inches a year
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| Slikensides | Rocks along a fault may be polished smooth by the motion of the horizontal pressures that slide rocks n opposite directions
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| Friction | The resistance caused by moving one object against another
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| Focus | The point at which and earthquakes begins
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| Epicenter | The point on the earth's surface directly above the focus
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| Shallow focus earthquakes | make up 85% of earthquakes; originate at depths less that 44 miles below the surface
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| Intermediate focus earthquakes | 12%; occur from depths of 44-186 miles
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| Deep focus earthquakes | 3%; originate at depths more than 186 miles
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| Name the 3 earthquake waves | P, S, and surface waves
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| P waves (primary waves) | travel the fastest; consist of a rhythmic push-pull motion in the direction of wave travel
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| S waves | Travel the second fastest; consist of a rhythmic side-to-side motion that occurs at right angle to the direction of wave travel
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| Surface wave | Travel the slowest;P and S waves together generate this third wave when they reach the earth's surface; the waves are like ocean waves
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| Seismograph | An instrument used to record and study the vibrations caused by earthquakes
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| Seismogram | A record produced by the seismogram
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| Apide belt | 15% of all earthquakes occur on this zone
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| The most important thing to do during an earthquake | Not panic
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| Foreshocks | Smaller earthquakes that occur before the main earthquake
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| Modified Mercalli Scale (MM scale) | Describes and evaluates the effects of an earthquake on man
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| The MM scale is not a mathematical measurement of what? | An earthquakes strength or size
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| Richter Magnitude Scale | measures an earth quake's strength
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| The moment magnitude scale | The most reliable method for measuring an earthquake magnitude
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| Earthquake waves are helpful why? | They tell us more of the earth's interior
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| San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) | A program who's mission is to better understand earthquakes
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| It is presently "impossible" to predict ___ ___ __ ___ ___ ___. | exactly when an earthquake will occur
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| Fixed base systems | Buildings constructed on bedrock
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| Base isolated systems | Buildings that rest on isolaters that absorb the seismic energy
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| Energy dissipating devices | are added to structures to absorb additional seismic energy
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| Volcano | an opening in the earth's surface through which hos gases, ash, and molten rock are ejected from the earth's interior
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| Vent | The channel through which the gases and ash and rock are ejected
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| Magma | molten rock
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| Magma chamber | the reservoir of magma
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| Cone | a conical mountain created when solid materials ejected from a volcano accumulate
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| The underground ___ ___ is the actual source of the eruption. | magma chamber
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| Volcanology | the study of volcanoes and volcano related phenomena
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| Volcanologist | scientists who study volcanology
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| Cinders | volcanic ash and rock fragments
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| Cinder cone volcanoes | Volcanoes that consist primarily of cinders
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| Shield volcano | Volcanoes that pour large quantities of highly fluid lava in rather mild eruptions form this broad, gently sloping volcano
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| Composite volcanoes (stratovolcanoes) | Produce both cinder and lava; symmetrical and wide based
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| Active volcano | A volcano that has erupted within recorded history or is currently producing seismic activity
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| An inactive volcano that could erupt again | Dormant volcano
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| Extinct volcano | A volcano that will probably not erupt
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| Ring of fire | a belt on which over half of the world's active volcanoes are
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| What two factors determine the violence of a volcano's eruption? | The viscosity of the magma and the amount of dissolved gas contained in the magma
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| Viscosity | "syrupiness"
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| Ejecta | any substance emitted by a volcano
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| lava | molten rock that flows from a volcano
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| Pohoehoe lava | "ropy" lava; this lava hardened surface looks like ropes
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| aa lava | "blocky" lava
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| Lava that solidifies almost instantly and forms rounded structures | pillow lava; the lave resembles a pillow
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| Pyroclasts | particles or blocks of solid volcanic ejecta
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| Volcanic ash | tiny droplets of lava that are light enough to be carried by the wind
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| Larger than volcanic ash but less than 64 millimeter in diameter | Lapilli
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| Volcanic blocks | Solid, irregularly shaped lumps of hardened lava; usually large and bolder-like
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| Volcanic bombs | form when lava is thrown high into the air in a liquid or semiliquid state and hardens into rock before it hits the ground
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| A volcano's most dangerous feature is the fierce blast of ___ and super heated ___ that accompanies some volcanic eruptions. | ash, gases
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| Pyroclastic flow | consists of a super-heated cloud of gas and volcanic ash that travels swiftly down the volcano slope as an avalanche
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| Huge bowl-shaped craters | Calderas
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| Lava tunnels (or lava tubes) | Form when the surface of a large lava flow hardens but the lava beneath remains molten
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| When magma is forced through cracks and weak spots in the rocks surrounding the magma chamber and solidify, producing masses of volcanic rock just beneath the surface called ___ ___. | Igneous intrustions
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| formed when volcanic magma hardens in a vertical crock or fissure | Dike
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| Formed when magma squeezes between two horizontal layers of rock | sill
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| A dome like intrusion | laccolith
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| Far larger that laccoliths | Batholiths
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