Endocrine system
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| Adenectomy | Removal of a gland.
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| Adenohypophysis | Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
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| Adrenal cortex | Outer section of each adrenal gland.
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| Adrenalectomy | Removal of an adrenal gland.
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| Adrenaline | Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine.
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| Adrenal medulla | Inner section of each adrenal gland.
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| Adrenocorticotropic | Secretion from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex ACTH.
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| Adrenocorticotropin | Adrenocorticotropic hormone; ACTH.
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| Adrenopathy | Disease of the adrenal glands.
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| Aldosterone | Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salt and water balance.
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| Androgen | Male hormone responsible for developing and maintaining male secondary sex characteristics.
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| Antidiuretic hormone | Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes water re-absorption by the kidney.
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| Calcitonin | Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; lowers calcium levels in the blood.
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| Catecholamines | Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine (adrenaline) is an example.
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| Corticosteroid | Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; cortisol and aldosterone are examples.
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| Cortisol | Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates the use of sugars, fats, and proteins in cells. Cortisol raises blood sugar.
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| Electrolyte | Substance that, in solution, carries an electric charge; examples are sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca++) and chloride (Cl-).
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| Endocrinologist | Medical specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine gland disorders.
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| Epinephrine | Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure.
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| Estradiol | Estrogen secreted by the ovaries.
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| Estrogen | Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex in both males and females.
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| Estrogenic | Pertaining to the producing of female characteristics or having the same effect as estrogen.
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| Euthyroid | Normal functioning of the thyroid gland.
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| Fasting blood sugar | Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 4 hours. This test can diagnose diabetes mellitus.
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| Follicle-stimulating | Secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland;
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| hormone | stimulates ovarian follicles to produce egg cells.
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| Glucagon | Hormone secreted by the pancreas (alpha islet cells); increases blood glucose (sugar) by conversion of glycogen to glucose.
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| Glucocorticoid | Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; cortisol is an example. It raises blood sugar.
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| Glycemic | Pertaining to blood sugar.
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| Glycogen | Animal starch; glycogen is broken down (glycogenolysis) to produce sugar (glucose).
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| Glycosuria | Sugar in urine.
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| Gonadotropin | Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and acting on the ovaries or testes.
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| Growth hormone | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; somatotropin. It stimulates the growth of bones and soft tissues.
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| Homeostasis | Tendency in an organism to return to a state of constancy and stability.
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| Hormonal | Pertaining to a hormone.
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| Hormone | Chemical secreted by an endocrine gland.
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| Hypercalcemia | High levels of calcium in the bloodstream; often due to hyperparathyroidism.
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| Hypercalciuria | High levels of calcium in urine.
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| Hyperglycemia | High levels of sugar in the blood.
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| Hyperthyroidism | Increased secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland.
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| Hypocalcemia | Low levels of calcium in the blood.
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| Hypoglycemia | Low levels of sugar in the blood
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| Hypogonadism | Deficient functioning of the gonads (ovaries or testes).
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| Hypoinsulinism | Deficient production of insulin (pancreatic hormone).
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| Hypokalemia | Low levels of potassium in the blood.
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| Hyponatremia | Low levels of sodium in the blood.
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| Hypophysectomy | Removal of the pituitary gland.
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| Hypophysis | Pituitary gland.
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| Hypopituitarism | Deficient secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.
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| Hypothalamus | Region of the brain lying below the thalamus, but above the pituitary gland. It stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete and release hormones.
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| Insulin | Hormone secreted by the beta islet cells of the pancreas. Insulin helps sugar leave the blood and enter cells.
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| Luteinizing hormone | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the ovaries to release eggs (ovulation) and produce hormones.
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| Mineralocorticoid | Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body. Aldosterone is an example.
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| Neurohypophysis | Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; secretes oxytocin and vasopressin.
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| Norepinephrine | Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases blood pressure as part of the fight or flight reaction. It is a sympathomimetic.
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| Oxytocin | Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth.
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| Pancreas | Endocrine (islet cells) and exocrine (enzyme producing cells) gland behind the stomach.
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| Pancreatectomy | Excision of the pancreas.
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| Parathormone | Secreted by the parathyroid glands; regulates calcium in the blood.
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| Parathyroidectomy | Removal of parathyroid glands.
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| Parathyroid glands | Four small endocrine glands on the posterior side of the thyroid gland.
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| Pineal gland | Small endocrine gland in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin.
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| Pituitary gland | Endocrine gland at the base of the brain; anterior and posterior lobes secrete hormones.
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| Polydipsia | Excessive thirst.
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| Progesterone | Hormone secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
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| Prolactin | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes milk secretion.
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| Receptor | Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone to elicit a response by the targeted tissue.
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| Sella turcica | Cavity in the base of the skull; contains the pituitary gland.
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| Somatotropin | Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; growth hormone.
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| Steroid | Complex substance related to fat (sterols; many hormones are steroids (estrogens, androgens, cortisol, aldosterone).
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| Sympathomimetic | Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system; adrenaline and norepinephrine are sympathomimetic hormones.
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| Target tissue | Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones.
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| Testosterone | Hormone secreted by the testes
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| Tetraiodothyronine | Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that increases body metabolism; thyroxine (T4).
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| Thyroid gland | Endocrine gland in the neck on either side of the trachea.
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| Thyroiditis | Inflammation of the thyroid gland.
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| Thyrotropin | Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones. Also called thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH.
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| Thyroxine | Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland to increase body metabolism (T4).
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| Triiodothyronine | Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland (contains three atoms of iodine); stimulates body metabolism; T3.
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| Vasopressin | Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water. Also called antidiuretic hormone or ADH.
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| Acromegaly | Enlargement of extremities due to increased secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.
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| Addison disease | Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex; decreased secretion of aldosterone and cortisol.
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| Adrenal virilism | Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens.
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| Cretinism | Hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leading to a lack of normal physical and mental growth.
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| Cushing syndrome | Group of symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex; obesity, hyperglycemia, excess fat deposition in the body. High levels of exogenous cortisol (cortisone administration) can produce similar results.
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| Diabetes insipidus | Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin); signs are polyuria and polydipsia.
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| Diabetes mellitus | Lack of insulin secretion (Type 1) or improper utilization of insulin by cells (Type 2) leading to a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in cells.
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| Dwarfism | Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.
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| Endemic goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet.
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| Exophthalmometry | Exophthalmometry Measurement of eyeball protrusion.
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| Exophthalmos | Protrusion of the eyeball (proptosis); symptom of hyperthyroidism.
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| Gastroparesis | Loss of motility of the stomach muscles, occurring as a long-term secondary complication of diabetes mellitus.
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| Gigantism | Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues.
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| Glucose tolerance test | Measures the glucose levels in a blood sample taken at various intervals from a patient who has previously ingested glucose.
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| Goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
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| Graves disease | Hyperfunctioning of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis. This is the most common type o fhyperthyroidism.
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| Hirsutism | Excessive hair growth.
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| Hyperinsulinism | Increased secretion of insulin from the beta islet cells of the pancreas.
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| Hyperparathyroidism | Increased secretion of parathormone from the parathyroid glands.
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| Hypoparathyroidism | Decreased secretion of parathormone from the parathyroid glands.
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| Hypothyroidism | Decreased secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland.
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| Ketoacidosis | High levels of acids (ketones) in the blood; occurring in diabetes mellitus (type 2) when cells burn high levels of fats (producing ketones) because sugar is not available as fuel.
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| Myxedema | Hypofunctioning of the thyroid gland in adults.
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| Nodular goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to growth of nodules (adenomas) on the thyroid gland.
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| Panhypopituitarism | Deficiency of all pituitary gland hormones
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| Pheochromocytoma | Tumor of cells of the adrenal medulla; cells stain a dark (phe/o) or dusky color (chrom/o).
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| Radioactive iodine uptake | Test to measure the amount of radioactive iodine taken up by the thyroid gland; indicator of thyroid gland function.
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| Syndrome of inappropriate ADH | Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) leading to water retention.
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| Tetany | Constant muscle contractions; associated with hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism.
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| Thyroid carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the thyroid gland.
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| Thyroid function tests | Measurement of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the bloodstream.
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| Thyroid scan | Administration of a radioactive compound and visualization of the thyroid gland with a scanning device.
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| Thyrotoxicosis | Hyperthyroidism (overactivity of the thyroid gland).
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| aden/o | gland
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| adren/o | adrenal glands
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| adrenal/o | adrenal glands
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| gonad/o | sex glands
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| pancreat/o | pancreas
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| parathyroid/o | parathyroid gland
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| pituitar/o | pituitary gland, hypophysis
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| thyr/o | thyroid gland
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| thyroid/o | thyroid gland
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| andr/o | male
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| calc/o, calci/o | calcium
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| cortic/o | cortex, outer region
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| crin/o | secrete
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| dips/o | thirst
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| estr/o | female
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| gluc/o | sugar
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| glyc/o | sugar
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| home/o | sameness
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| hormon/o | hormone
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| kal/i | potassuum (an electrolyte)
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| lact/o | milk
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| myx/o | mucus
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| natr/o | sodium
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| phys/o | growing
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| somat/o | body
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| ster/o | solid structure
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| toc/o | childbirth
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| -agon | assemble, gather together
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| -emia | blood condition
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| -in, -ine | a substance
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| -tropin | stimulation the function of
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| -uria | urine condition
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| eu- | good, normal
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| hyper- | excessive, above
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| hypo- | deficient, below, under, less than normal
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| oxy- | rapid, sharp, acid
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| pan- | all
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| tetra- | four
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| tri- | three
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| type 1 diabetes | the type of diabetes in which the pancreas produces no or very little insulin; often diagnosed in childhood, although some cases arise in adulthood
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| type 2 diabetes | disease that occurs when the inculin produced by the pancreas does not appear to function.
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| computed tomography scan | cross sectional x-ray images of the pituitary gland and other endocrine organs
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| magnetic resonance imaging | Magnetic and radio waves create an image of an organ three planes of the body. The brain and spinal cord can be imaged to detect lesions.
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| radioactive iodine uptake scan | RAI; test thyroid function by measuring glands ability to concentrate and retain iodine
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| thyroid scan | test in which a radioactive iodine is administrated that localizes in the thyroid gland. the gland can then be visualized with a scanning device to detect pathology such as tumors
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| ultrasound examination | sound waves show images of endocrine organs
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| AIC | blood test that measures glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to assess glucose control
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| ACTH | Adrenocorticotropic hormone; a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex,
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| ADH | antidiuretic hormone; hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and also by nerve endings in the hypothalamus; antidiuretic hormone, antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin
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| BGM | blood glucose monitoring
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| BMR | basal metabolic rate - an indicator of thyroid function, but not in current use
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| Ca++ | calcium, an important electrolyte
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| CGMS | continuous glucose monitoring system - senses and records blood glucose levels
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| DI | diabetes insipidus
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| DKA | diabetes ketoacidosis
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| DM | diabetes mellitus
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| FBG | fasting blood glucose
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| FBS | fasting blood sugar
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| FSH | follicle-stimulating hormone
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| GH | growth hormone
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| GTT | glucose tolerance test- measures the ability to respond to a glucose load; test for diabetes mellitus
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| HbA1c (test) or HBAIC | test for the presence of glucose attached to hemoglobin (glycosylated hemoglobin test); a high level indicates poor glucose control in diabetic patients
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| hCG or HCG | human chorionic gonadotropin
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| ICSH | interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
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| IIDDM | insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus; type 1 diabetes
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| IGF | insulin-like growth factor - also called somatomedin (produced in liver, stimulates bone growth)
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| K+ | Potassium- an important electrolyte
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| LH | Luteinizing hormone; ovulation and egg release, maturation of egg, release of testosterone in males.
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| MDI | multiple daily injection - also known as basal/bolus. It is a diabetes management regimen
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| Na+ | Sodium- an important electrolyte
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| OT | oxytocin
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| PRL | prolactin
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| PTH | parathyroid hormone (parathormone)
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| RAI | radioactive iodine - treatment for Graves disease
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| RAIU | Radioactive iodine up-take test
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| SIADH | syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (secretion)
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| STH | Somatotrophin- growth hormone
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| T3 | triiodothyronine (thyroid hormone)
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| T4 | Thyroxine-Tetraiodothyronine
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| TFT | thyroid function test
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| TSH | thyroid-stimulating hormone; secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
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