Vocabulary
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| Scientific Method | hypothesis, prediction, experimental outcome
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| Fact | close aggreement between observers with a series of observations of the same phenomenon
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| Hypothesis | educated guess
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| Law | hypothesis that is tested over and over, not contradicted
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| Theory | sythesis that is well-tested and verified hypothesis about certain espects of natural world
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| Force | push or pull
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| Net Force | combination of all forces acting on an object
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| vector | an arrow that represents the magnitude and direction of a quanity
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| Vector Quanity | quanity that needs both magnitude and direction
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| Scalar Quanity | can be described with magnitude only
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| Mechanical Equilibrium | no physical changes occur
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| Equilibrium Rule | net force is zero, object is in mechanical equilibrium
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| Support Force | upward force that balances weight of object on a surface
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| Resultant | sum of two or more vectors
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| Friction | acts between materials that touch as they move past each other
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| Inertia | property of a body to resist change in a state of motion
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| Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia) | every object continues in a state of rest or of uniform speed in a straight line, unless acted on by a nonzero net force
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| Kilograms | fundamental unit of mass
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| Mass | quanity of matter in an object
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| Weight | force of gravity on an object
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| Newton | SI unit of force
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| Relative | motion of one object with respect to another
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| Speed | how fast an object is moving
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| Instantaneous Speed | spread of an object at any instant in time
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| Average Speed | total distance covered divided by time
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| Velocity | speed in any given direction
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| Accerleration | rate at which the velocity is changing
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| Free Fall | moving under the infulence of the gravitional force only is said to be in this
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| Elapsed Time | time that has elapsed or passed since the beginning of any motion
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| Components | two vectors at right anges that add up to a given vector
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| Resolution | process of determining components of a vector
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| Projectile | any object that moves through air or space, acted on only by gravity (or air resistance, if any)
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| Inversely | two values change in opposite directions
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| Newton's Second Law | describes relationship among an object's mass, and object's acceleration, and the net force on the object
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| Fluid | both liquids and gases because they flow
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| Air Resistance | friction acting on something moving through air
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| Free-Body Diagram | showing all the forces acting on an object
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| Pressure | amount of force per unit of area
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| Pascal | newtons per square meter that measure pressure
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| Terminal Speed | speed at which the acceleration of a falling object is zero because friction balances the weight
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| Terminal Velocity | terminal speed together with the direction of motion
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| Interaction | when objects present action upon each other
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| Newton's Third Law | whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object
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| Action Force | one force in an interaction
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| Reaction Force | other force in an interaction
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| Momentum | inertia in motion
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| Impulse | change in momentum
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| Law of conservation | in the absence of an external force, momentum of a system remains unchanged
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| Elastic Collision | when objects collide without deforming or gernerating heat
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| Inelastic Collison | collison in which colliding objects become distorted and generate heat
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| Work | th product of the net force on an object and the distance throught which the object is moved
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| Joule | unit of work
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| Power | rate at which work is done
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| Watt | unit of power
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| Energy | property of an object or sytem that enables it to do work
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| Mechanical Energy | energy due to position of something or the movement of something
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| Potential Energy | energy that is stored by virtue of its position
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| Kinetic Energy | energy of motion
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| Work-Energy Theorem | relationship between work and energy
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| Law of Conservation of Energy | energy can't be created or destroyed. Can be transformed from one form into another, but total amount of energy never changes
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| Machine | device used to multiply forces or simply to change direction of forces
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| Lever | simple machine made of a bar that turns about a fixed point
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| Fulcrum | pivot point
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| Mechanical Advantage | the ration of output force to input force for a machine
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| Pulley | kind of lever that can be used to change the direction of a force
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| Effciency | ratio of useful energy output to total energy input
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| Fuel Cell | hydrogen and oxygen gas are compressed at electrodes to produce water and electric current
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| Vibration | repeating, back-and-forth motion about an equilibrium position
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| Wave | disturbance that is transmitted progressively from one place to the next with no actual transport of matter
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| Period | time back-and-forth swing of a pendulum
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| Simple Harmonic Motion | back-and-forth vibratory motion of a pendulum
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| Sine Curve | pictorial representation of a wave
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| Crest | high points of a wave
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| Trough | low points of a wave
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| Amplitude | distance from midpoint to a crest in a wave
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| Wavelength | distance from crest to crest
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| Frequency | number of vibrationsan object makes in a unit of time
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| Hertz | unit of frequency
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| Transverse Wave | whenever the motion of the medium is at right angles to the direction in chich a wave travels
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| Longitudinal Wave | when the particles oscillate parallel to or along the direction of the wave
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| Interference pattern | regular arrangment of places where wave effects are increased, decreased or neutralized
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| Constructive interference | crest of one wave overlaps the crest of another and their individual effects add together
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| Destructive interference | crest of one wave overlaps the crest of another and their individual effects are reduced
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| Out of phase | crests of one wave overlap troughs of another to produce regions of zero amplitude
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| In phase | crests of one wave overlap the crests of the other and the troughs overlap as well
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| Standing Wave | wave that appears to stay in one place, or doesn't sem to move throught the medium
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| Node | the stationary points of a standing wave
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| Antinode | positions on a standing wave with the largest amplitudes are known
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| Doppler Effect | apparent change in frequency due to the motinon of the source
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| Blue Shift | an increase in frequency
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| Red Shift | decrease in frequency
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| Bow Wave | crests overlap at the edges in a v shape
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| Shock Wave | three-dimensional wave that consists of overlapping spheres that form a cone
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| Sonic Boom | sharp crack heard when the shock wave that sweeps behind a supersonic aircraft reaches the listeners
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| Pitch | peoples' subjective about frequency of sound
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| Infrasonic | sound waves with frequencies below 20 hertz
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| Ultrasonic | sound waves with frequencies above 20 hertz
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| Conpression | region of condensed waves
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| Rarefraction | region of the wave that is spread apart
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| Natural Frequency | object vibrates when it is disturbed
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| Forced Vibration | object is made to vibrate by another vibrating object that is nearby
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| Resonance | phenomenon that occurs when frequency of vibration forced on an object matches the object's natural frequency and dramatic increase in amplitude occurs
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| Photon | massless bundles of concentrated electromagnetic energy
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| Light Year | distance light travels in one year
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| Electromagnetic Waves | energy traveling in waves that is partly electric and partly magnetic
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| Electromagnetic Spectrum | range of electromagnetic waves
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| Infrared | frequencies lower than the red of visible ligh
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| Ultraviolet | heat lamps give these off, frequencies higher than violet (sunburn)
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| Transparent | materials that transmit ligh
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| Opaque | materials that block light
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| Ray | thin beam of light
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| Shadow | region formed where light can not reach
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| Umbra | total shadow
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| Penumbra | partial shadow where light from a different angle is overlapping the region of shadow
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Created by:
Logan Gilmer
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