Ms. Hayes Life Science Final
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| List the six characteristics of living things | 1. cellular organization
2. contain similar chemical
3. use energy
4. respond to their surroundings
5. grow and develop
6. reproduce
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| List 4 chemicals found in all cells | 1.Proteins
2. carbohydrates
3. Nucleic Acids (DNA)
4. lipids (Fat)
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| Cells | basic unit of structure and function in an organism
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| Unicellular | single-celled organism
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| Multicellular | organisms composed of many cells that are specialized to do certain tasks
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| stimulus | a change in an organism's surrounding that causes the organism to react
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| response | an action or change in behavior
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| development | the process of change that occurs during an organism's life to create a more complex organism
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| asexual | reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent
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| Sexual | the type of reproduction that involves two organisms creating a genetically different offspring
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| Autotrophs | Organisms that make their own food
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| Heterotrophs | Organism that cannot make its own food
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| classification | the process of grouping things based on their similarities
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| Species | grouping of similar, closely related organisms
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| 3 main things in the Nucleus | nuclear membrane
DNA
nucleolus
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| Ribosomes | help the cell by making proteins
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| Lysosomes | organelles that break down unused material and reuse it to get rid of waste
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| Spontaneous Generation | the mistaken idea that living things arise from nonliving sources
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| Homeostasis | when you have a stable internal environment (ex: human temperature 98.6 degrees)
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| Why do scientists classify organisms? | 1. To make it easier to study
2. once an organism is classified you know more about it
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| 8 levels of Organization (in order) | 1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Species
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| Binomial Nomenclature | system used to name organisms
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| How to write binomial nomenclature | -Always in italics
-Capitalize the first letter of Genus
-Keep all letters of special in lower case
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| What determines how organisms are placed into domains and kingdoms? | Based on their CELL TYPE
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| Prokaryote | simple cell without nucleus
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| Eukaryote | complex cell with nucleus
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| Nucleus | the control center of the cell that holds the DNA
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| Nuclear envelope | membrane that surrounds the nucleus and controls what comes in and out of the nucleus
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| DNA | hold the directions to tell the cell what to do
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| Nucleolus | Produces ribosomes
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| Cell Membrane | -barrier surrounding plant and animal cells
-controls what comes in and out of cells
-Food and water comes in... waste comes out
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| Cell Wall | rigid barrier around plant cells only that helps protect and support the cell
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| Cytoplasm | clear thick fluid that surrounds all organelles
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| Vacuole | stores material; one large vacuole in plant cells
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Carries materials from one part of the cell to the Golgi Apparatus
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| Golgi Apparatus | Receives materials from the endoplasmic reticulum and sorts and packages them to be delivered to other parts of the cell or other cells in organism
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| Mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell that converts energy from food
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| chloroplast | Only found in plant cells; captures energy from sun (sunlight) and turns it into sugar (energy)
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| Elements | any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
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| Compounds | two or more elements that are chemically combined
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| Inorganic | Compounds that do not contain carbon
Examples: water and sodium chloride (table salt)
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| Organic | Compounds that contain carbon
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| Enzymes | A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living things
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| 6 elements that make up all living things | S- Sulfur
H- Hydrogen
O- Oxygen
P-Phosphorus
N-Nitrogen
C-Carbon
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| 4 chemicals that make up living things | Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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| Carbohydrates | Sugar and starches
Main energy source
Makes the cell wall in plants
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| Lipids | Fats, oils, and waxes
Energy is stored in lipids
Makes up the cell membrane
**water resistant
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| Proteins | Made up of amino acids
Form the organelles inside the body
Enzymes are made up of proteins
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| Nucleic Acid | DNA
RNA
contains instructions that tell our cells what to do
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| Eukaryotes | in the nucleus
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| Prokaryotes | in the cytoplasm
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| Selectively Permeable | some substances are allowed to pass through but not others
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| Active Transport | way substances pass through the membrane
***requires energy
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| Passive Transport | way substances pass through the membrane
***Does NOT require energy
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| Diffusion | the process in which molecules move from an area of high concentration to low concentration
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| Osmosis | the diffusion of water
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| Solvent | substance doing the dissolving
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| Solute | Substance being disolved
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| Hypotonic | Hypo= low
less solutes outside the cell
water enters the cell
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| Hypertonic | Hyper= move
more solutes outside the cell
Water leaves the cell
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| Isotonic | Iso=Equal
Equal amount of solute inside and outside
Water does not enter of leave the cell
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| Why would a cell need to use active transport | If molecules are flowing from an area of LOW concentration to HIGH concentration
or
If molecule is too large to flow in
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| Protein Pumps | are responsible for picking up needed molecules outside the cell and bringing them inside by using energy
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| Endocytosis | Enter
when food molecules enter the cell
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| Exocytosis | Exit
When waste exits the cell
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| Photosynthesis | process in which a cell captures energy from sunlight and converts it to make sugar
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| Chlorophyll | pigment (green in color) inside of choloroplast that absorbs sunlight (its energy)
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| Cellular Respiration | process in which cells get energy from food
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| Chloroplast | a structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food
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| Fermentation | the process by which cells break down molecules to release energy without using oxygen
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| Aerobic | requires oxygen
Examples: animals, plantsk, algae
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| Anaerobic | does NOT require oxygen
Example: deep sea bacteria
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| Alcoholic Fermentation | Used by yeast and bacteria
Yeast breaks down sugar (without the use of oxygen) and creates alcohol and carbon dioxide
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| Lactic Acid Fermentation | Used by humans
Cells make energy when they are not receiving enough oxygen
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| Photosynthesis Equation? | Water + Carbon Dioxide-----sunlight----- Oxygen + Sugar
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| Photosynthesis equation in words | Turning water and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight
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| Photo | Light
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| Synthesis | Putting together
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| Cell Cycle | the regular pattern of growth and division
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| Interphase | happens before the cell actually divides
it prepares the cell for division
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| Mitosis | when the nucleus divides
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| 4 phases of Mitosis | P- Prophase
M- Metaphase
A- Anaphase
T- Telophase
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| Cytokinesis | the cytoplasm divides
the cell cycle is complete
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| Virus | tiny nonliving particle that invades and then multiplies inside a living cell
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| Characteristics of viruses | * can only multiply inside a living cell
*Host- cell that a virus infects
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| What does a virus look like? | Smaller than cells
Shape- circle, rod, robot (spider shaped)
2 parts- Protein coat and DNA
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| Bacteriophage | viruses that infect only bacteria
Ex: Ecoli
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| Active virus | activates its DNA immediately and quickly takes over the cell
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| Hidden virus | hides when it first enters the cell
part of the virus's DNA becomes part of the cells DNA
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| How are viruses spread? | 1. contact (rabies, chicken pox, ebola)
2. air (flu, virus)
3. bodily fluids (AIDS)
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| Bacteria | single-celled prokaryotes
shape- circular, rod-like, spiral
surrounded by a cell wall
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| flagellum | long whip like projections that can help the cell move
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| Autotrophs | absorb suns energy to make food
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| Hetertrophs | consume food
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| Fungus | a eukaryotic organism that has cell walls, uses spores to reproduce, and is a heterotroph that feeds by absorbing its food
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