Anatomy, Physiology & Body Systems
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| anatomy | Study of structures of the body
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| physiology | Study of the functions of the structures of the body
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| pathophysiology | Study of the processes of disease in the body
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| homeostasis | Process that maintains balance of the body’s internal environment in response to changes in the external environment
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| cells | Microscopic structures that carry out all functions of life
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| tissues | Cells of similar type join together for a common purpose
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| epithelial tissue | Covers surface of the body; lining of organs & body cavities
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| connective tissue | Supports organs & body parts
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| 3 types of connective tissue | soft; hard; liquid
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| 2 types of soft connective tissue | adipose & fibrous
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| 2 types of hard connective tissue | bone & cartilage
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| 2 types of liquid connective tissue | blood & lymph
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| adipose connective soft tissue | insulates the body & is stored energy
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| fibrous connective soft tissue | holds structures together (examples: ligament & tendons)
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| bone hard connective tissue | gives the body rigid structure
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| cartilage hard connective tissue | acts as a shock absorber and allows for flexibility; found at end of long bones & between vertebrea
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| blood liquid connective tissue | transports nutrients and oxygen to body cells and carries away waste products
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| lymph liquid connective tissue | transports waste products and proteins out of spaces between the cells of the body tissues
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| 4 types of tissue | epithelial, connective, nerve and muscle
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| nerve tissue | controls & coordinates body activities by transmitting messages
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| muscle tissue | produces power and movement
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| dehydration | insufficient amount of water in tissues
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| edema | excess amount of fluid in tissues
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| visceral (smooth) muscle tissue | present in lining of digestive, respiratory & urinary systems
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| cardiac muscle tissue | causes the heart to beat
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| skeletal muscle tissue | attaches to bone & provides movement
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| integumentary system | hair, nails, skin, sweat and oil glands
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| integumentary sysytem | helps regulate body temperature; protect body from dehydration, infection and injury
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| skeletal system | bones and cartilage
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| skeletal system | creates structure and framework of the body; produces blood cells; protects internal organs
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| muscular system | skeletal, visceral (smooth) & cardiac muscles
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| muscular system | contract and relax to enable body movements; generate heat
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| nervous system | nerves, brain, spinal cord and special sense organs
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| nervous system | sends electrical messages throughout body to coordinate and control body activities
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| circulatory or cardiovascular system | heart, blood vessels and blood
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| circulatory or cardiovascular system | transports blood around body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products
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| lymphatic system | lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, tonsils and thymus glad
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| lymphatic system | removes waste from tissues, helps with immunity and absorbs fat and fat-soluble vitamins from the small intestine
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| respiratory system | lungs, nose, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
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| respiratory system | exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
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| digestive system | mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancrease
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| digestive system | physical/chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; transports food and eliminates waste
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| urinary system | kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra
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| urinary system | filters blood to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance; eliminates waste via urine
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| endocrine system | pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal and gonads
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| endocrine system | secretes hormones to regulate body processes
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| reproductive system | females: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, breasts
males: testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis
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| reproductive system | enables reproduction
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| osteoporosis | soft, porous bones due to lack of adequate calcium in the diet
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| muscle sprain | overstretching or tear in a ligament
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| multiple sclerosis (MS) | chronic, progressive and disabling disease of the nervous system
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| atherosclerosis | fatty plaque build-up in the arterial walls
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| arteriosclerosis | hardening/thickening of the arterial walls
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| adenitis | inflammation of the glands due to an infection
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| emphysema | non-infectious lung disease when the alveoli lose their elasticity; primary cause is tobacco use
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| diarrhea | loose, watery stools due to inflection, stress, poor diet or an irritated colon
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| constipation | hard, infrequent stools due to lack of fiber and water intake and lack of exercise
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| urethritis | urinary tract infection
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| diabetes mellitus (DM) | chronic illness due insufficient insulin
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| muscle strain | overstretching of a muscle and/or tendon
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| organs | two or more tissues join together to perform a specific function
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| body systems | several organs and body parts join together for a common function
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