Adrenal Glands
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| What are the four types of hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands | 1. Mineralocorticoids 2. Glucocorticoids 3. Androgens 4. Catecholamines
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| What type of hormones are produced by the glomerulosa of the adrenal gland | Mineral corticoids
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| What type of hormones are produced by the fasiculata of the adrenal gland | Glucocorticoids
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| What type of hormones are produced by the reticularis of the adrenal gland | Androgens
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| What type of hormones are produced by the medulla of the adrenal gland | Catecholamines
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| What is the primary glucocorticoid | Cortisol
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| What is the primary mineralcorticoid | Aldosterone
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| What enzyme is not found in the glomerulosa | CYP17
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| What enzyme is necessary to convert the progestins to glucocorticoids and androgens | CYP17
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| What enzyme is only found in the glomerulosa | CYP11B2
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| What is the other name for CYP11B2 | Aldosterone synthase
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| Steroids are found in circulation are bound to | Corticosteroid-binding protein (CBP) or other plasma proteins (i.e. albumin)
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| What are the four types of hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands | 1. Mineralocorticoids 2. Glucocorticoids 3. Androgens 4. Catecholamines
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| What type of hormones are produced by the glomerulosa of the adrenal gland | Mineral corticoids
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| What type of hormones are produced by the fasiculata of the adrenal gland | Glucocorticoids
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| What type of hormones are produced by the reticularis of the adrenal gland | Androgens
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| What type of hormones are produced by the medulla of the adrenal gland | Catecholamines
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| What is the primary glucocorticoid | Cortisol
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| What is the primary mineralcorticoid | Aldosterone
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| What enzyme is not found in the glomerulosa | CYP17
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| What enzyme is necessary to convert the progestins to glucocorticoids and androgens | CYP17
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| What enzyme is only found in the glomerulosa | CYP11B2
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| What is the other name for CYP11B2 | Aldosterone synthase
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| Steroids are found in circulation are bound to | Corticosteroid-binding protein (CBP) or other plasma proteins (i.e. albumin)
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| Where are the corticosteroid-binding proteins produced | Liver
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| What stimulates the adrenal cortex | ACTH
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| What hormone is required for the maintainence of the adrenal cortex | ACTH
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| ACTH primarily effects what zones of the adrenal cortex | Fasciculata and reticularis
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| ACTH binding stimulates a cAMP cascade that stimulates what protein | StAR protein
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| What does StAR protein do | Carries cholesterol into the inner mitochondrial membrane so that steroid hormones can be made
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| What does cortisol inhibit at the pituitary | Synthesis of CRH receptor and Synthesis of ACTH
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| What does cortisol inhibit at teh hypothalamus | Synthesis and release of CRH
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| What type of receptors do glucocorticoids work through | Intracellular, nuclear receptors
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| The glucocorticoid receptors are found mainly where and what are they coupled to | Found in the cytosol and coupled to heat shock proteins
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| The binding of glucocorticoids to their receptor causes dissociation of the heat shock proteins which allows the hormone/receptor complex to | Enter the nucleus and influence gene transcription
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| What inhibits the secretion of glucocorticoids | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
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| How does Antrial natriuretic peptide inhibit the secretion of glucocorticoids | By inhibiting Star
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| What do glucocorticoids inhibit | Reproductive system, production of prostiglandins, production of collagen
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| What do glucocorticoids stimulate | Glucose availability, secretions in eye, production of visceral adipose, lung maturation in fetus, appetite
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| What causes hyposecretion of glucocorticoids | Lack of negative feedback,high circulation of ACTH
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| What effects does high concentrations of ACTH cause | Hypertropohy of cortex, skin pigmentation
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| What is congential adrenal hyperplasia | Defect/deleation in genes encoding StAR or steriodogenic enzymes
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| What is a primary cause of hyposecretion of glucocorticoids | Adrenal disease e.g. Addison's disease
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| What is Addison's disease | decreased adrenal output of glucocorticoids
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| What can cause Addison's disease | Autoimmune, Infections, Congenital adrenal hypoplasia
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| What is a secondary cause of hyposecretion of glucocorticoids | Deficiency of ACTH
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| If congentital adrenal hyperplasia is not caught and treated what happens to the infant | Undergoes salt waisting and can die
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| What is the most common defect that causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia | A defect in CYP21A2
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| How does Antrial natriuretic peptide inhibit the secretion of glucocorticoids | By inhibiting Star
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| What do glucocorticoids inhibit | Reproductive system, production of prostiglandins, production of collagen
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| What do glucocorticoids stimulate | Glucose availability, secretions in eye, production of visceral adipose, lung maturation in fetus, appetite
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| What causes hyposecretion of glucocorticoids | Lack of negative feedback,high circulation of ACTH
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| What effects does high concentrations of ACTH cause | Hypertropohy of cortex, skin pigmentation
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| What is congential adrenal hyperplasia | Defect/deleation in genes encoding StAR or steriodogenic enzymes
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| What is a primary cause of hyposecretion of glucocorticoids | Adrenal disease e.g. Addison's disease
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| What is Addison's disease | decreased adrenal output of glucocorticoids
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| What can cause Addison's disease | Autoimmune, Infections, Congenital adrenal hypoplasia
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| What is a secondary cause of hyposecretion of glucocorticoids | Deficiency of ACTH
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| If congentital adrenal hyperplasia is not caught and treated what happens to the infant | Undergoes salt waisting and can die
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| What is the most common defect that causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia | A defect in CYP21A2
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| What is the difference between Cushing's syndrom and Cushing's disease | Syndrome is the hypersecretion of glucorticoids Disease is the hypersecretion of ACTH
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| In adults what is the primary cause of hypersecretion of glucocorticoids | Pituitary dependent (adenoma)
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| In children what is the primary cause of hypersecretion of glucocorticoids | Adrenal dependent (carcinoma-rapid; adenom-gradual onset)
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| What types of symptoms are seen in hypersecretion | Dorsal kyphosis, Central obesity, Moon facies, Supraclavicula adipocity, Hirsutism in women, Abdominal striae
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| What are the primary stimulators secretion of mineralcorticoids | Angiotensin II and Extracellular [K+]
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| How does angiotensin II stimulate the secretion of mineralcorticoids | Binds AT1 recepor coupled to G protein, activates calmodulin kinases stimulating CYP11B2 activity
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| How does extracellular K stimulate the secretion of mineralcorticoids | Causes depolarization of of plasma membrane allowing for influx of Ca which activates calmodulin kinases stimulating CYP11B2 activity
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| What inhibits the secretion of mineralocorticoids | ANP
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| How does ANP inhibit the secretion of mineralocroticoids | By direcetly binding to glomerulosa cells in the adrenal cortex and indirectly by reducing renin release
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| What are the roles of mineral corticoids | Salt and water retention by increasing Na channel and Na/Cl cotransporter expression in kidney , Maintain [K+], Regulating Blood pressure
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| What does 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase do | Inactivates cortisol preventing the activation of minocorticoid receptors by glucocorticoids
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| What does excess aldosterone lead to | Hypertension
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| What stimulates the secretion of adrenal adrogens | ACTH
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| Adrenal adrogens are an important contributor of circulating androgens in ... but not ... | Women, Men
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| What cells are resposiple for the synthesis of catecholamines | Chromaffin cells
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| What is the primary catecholamine | Epinephrin
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| What is epinephrin bound to in storage | Chromogranins
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| What is enzyme that is responsible for the rate limiting step in the conversion of tyrosine to epinephrin | Tyrosine hydroxylase
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| What stimulates secretion of catecholamines | ACTH, Cortisol, Sympathetic stimulation
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| What inhibits the secretion of catecholamines | Chromagranin catabolic products
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| What type of receptors do catecholamines work through | G protein coupled receptors
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| What is primary cause of hypersecretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla | Theochromocytoma
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