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Physio- Exam 5
Adrenal Glands
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four types of hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands | 1. Mineralocorticoids 2. Glucocorticoids 3. Androgens 4. Catecholamines |
| What type of hormones are produced by the glomerulosa of the adrenal gland | Mineral corticoids |
| What type of hormones are produced by the fasiculata of the adrenal gland | Glucocorticoids |
| What type of hormones are produced by the reticularis of the adrenal gland | Androgens |
| What type of hormones are produced by the medulla of the adrenal gland | Catecholamines |
| What is the primary glucocorticoid | Cortisol |
| What is the primary mineralcorticoid | Aldosterone |
| What enzyme is not found in the glomerulosa | CYP17 |
| What enzyme is necessary to convert the progestins to glucocorticoids and androgens | CYP17 |
| What enzyme is only found in the glomerulosa | CYP11B2 |
| What is the other name for CYP11B2 | Aldosterone synthase |
| Steroids are found in circulation are bound to | Corticosteroid-binding protein (CBP) or other plasma proteins (i.e. albumin) |
| What are the four types of hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands | 1. Mineralocorticoids 2. Glucocorticoids 3. Androgens 4. Catecholamines |
| What type of hormones are produced by the glomerulosa of the adrenal gland | Mineral corticoids |
| What type of hormones are produced by the fasiculata of the adrenal gland | Glucocorticoids |
| What type of hormones are produced by the reticularis of the adrenal gland | Androgens |
| What type of hormones are produced by the medulla of the adrenal gland | Catecholamines |
| What is the primary glucocorticoid | Cortisol |
| What is the primary mineralcorticoid | Aldosterone |
| What enzyme is not found in the glomerulosa | CYP17 |
| What enzyme is necessary to convert the progestins to glucocorticoids and androgens | CYP17 |
| What enzyme is only found in the glomerulosa | CYP11B2 |
| What is the other name for CYP11B2 | Aldosterone synthase |
| Steroids are found in circulation are bound to | Corticosteroid-binding protein (CBP) or other plasma proteins (i.e. albumin) |
| Where are the corticosteroid-binding proteins produced | Liver |
| What stimulates the adrenal cortex | ACTH |
| What hormone is required for the maintainence of the adrenal cortex | ACTH |
| ACTH primarily effects what zones of the adrenal cortex | Fasciculata and reticularis |
| ACTH binding stimulates a cAMP cascade that stimulates what protein | StAR protein |
| What does StAR protein do | Carries cholesterol into the inner mitochondrial membrane so that steroid hormones can be made |
| What does cortisol inhibit at the pituitary | Synthesis of CRH receptor and Synthesis of ACTH |
| What does cortisol inhibit at teh hypothalamus | Synthesis and release of CRH |
| What type of receptors do glucocorticoids work through | Intracellular, nuclear receptors |
| The glucocorticoid receptors are found mainly where and what are they coupled to | Found in the cytosol and coupled to heat shock proteins |
| The binding of glucocorticoids to their receptor causes dissociation of the heat shock proteins which allows the hormone/receptor complex to | Enter the nucleus and influence gene transcription |
| What inhibits the secretion of glucocorticoids | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide |
| How does Antrial natriuretic peptide inhibit the secretion of glucocorticoids | By inhibiting Star |
| What do glucocorticoids inhibit | Reproductive system, production of prostiglandins, production of collagen |
| What do glucocorticoids stimulate | Glucose availability, secretions in eye, production of visceral adipose, lung maturation in fetus, appetite |
| What causes hyposecretion of glucocorticoids | Lack of negative feedback,high circulation of ACTH |
| What effects does high concentrations of ACTH cause | Hypertropohy of cortex, skin pigmentation |
| What is congential adrenal hyperplasia | Defect/deleation in genes encoding StAR or steriodogenic enzymes |
| What is a primary cause of hyposecretion of glucocorticoids | Adrenal disease e.g. Addison's disease |
| What is Addison's disease | decreased adrenal output of glucocorticoids |
| What can cause Addison's disease | Autoimmune, Infections, Congenital adrenal hypoplasia |
| What is a secondary cause of hyposecretion of glucocorticoids | Deficiency of ACTH |
| If congentital adrenal hyperplasia is not caught and treated what happens to the infant | Undergoes salt waisting and can die |
| What is the most common defect that causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia | A defect in CYP21A2 |
| How does Antrial natriuretic peptide inhibit the secretion of glucocorticoids | By inhibiting Star |
| What do glucocorticoids inhibit | Reproductive system, production of prostiglandins, production of collagen |
| What do glucocorticoids stimulate | Glucose availability, secretions in eye, production of visceral adipose, lung maturation in fetus, appetite |
| What causes hyposecretion of glucocorticoids | Lack of negative feedback,high circulation of ACTH |
| What effects does high concentrations of ACTH cause | Hypertropohy of cortex, skin pigmentation |
| What is congential adrenal hyperplasia | Defect/deleation in genes encoding StAR or steriodogenic enzymes |
| What is a primary cause of hyposecretion of glucocorticoids | Adrenal disease e.g. Addison's disease |
| What is Addison's disease | decreased adrenal output of glucocorticoids |
| What can cause Addison's disease | Autoimmune, Infections, Congenital adrenal hypoplasia |
| What is a secondary cause of hyposecretion of glucocorticoids | Deficiency of ACTH |
| If congentital adrenal hyperplasia is not caught and treated what happens to the infant | Undergoes salt waisting and can die |
| What is the most common defect that causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia | A defect in CYP21A2 |
| What is the difference between Cushing's syndrom and Cushing's disease | Syndrome is the hypersecretion of glucorticoids Disease is the hypersecretion of ACTH |
| In adults what is the primary cause of hypersecretion of glucocorticoids | Pituitary dependent (adenoma) |
| In children what is the primary cause of hypersecretion of glucocorticoids | Adrenal dependent (carcinoma-rapid; adenom-gradual onset) |
| What types of symptoms are seen in hypersecretion | Dorsal kyphosis, Central obesity, Moon facies, Supraclavicula adipocity, Hirsutism in women, Abdominal striae |
| What are the primary stimulators secretion of mineralcorticoids | Angiotensin II and Extracellular [K+] |
| How does angiotensin II stimulate the secretion of mineralcorticoids | Binds AT1 recepor coupled to G protein, activates calmodulin kinases stimulating CYP11B2 activity |
| How does extracellular K stimulate the secretion of mineralcorticoids | Causes depolarization of of plasma membrane allowing for influx of Ca which activates calmodulin kinases stimulating CYP11B2 activity |
| What inhibits the secretion of mineralocorticoids | ANP |
| How does ANP inhibit the secretion of mineralocroticoids | By direcetly binding to glomerulosa cells in the adrenal cortex and indirectly by reducing renin release |
| What are the roles of mineral corticoids | Salt and water retention by increasing Na channel and Na/Cl cotransporter expression in kidney , Maintain [K+], Regulating Blood pressure |
| What does 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase do | Inactivates cortisol preventing the activation of minocorticoid receptors by glucocorticoids |
| What does excess aldosterone lead to | Hypertension |
| What stimulates the secretion of adrenal adrogens | ACTH |
| Adrenal adrogens are an important contributor of circulating androgens in ... but not ... | Women, Men |
| What cells are resposiple for the synthesis of catecholamines | Chromaffin cells |
| What is the primary catecholamine | Epinephrin |
| What is epinephrin bound to in storage | Chromogranins |
| What is enzyme that is responsible for the rate limiting step in the conversion of tyrosine to epinephrin | Tyrosine hydroxylase |
| What stimulates secretion of catecholamines | ACTH, Cortisol, Sympathetic stimulation |
| What inhibits the secretion of catecholamines | Chromagranin catabolic products |
| What type of receptors do catecholamines work through | G protein coupled receptors |
| What is primary cause of hypersecretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla | Theochromocytoma |
Created by:
mhaynes
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