WVSOM -- Endocrine Physiology Endocrine Master List
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| Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone | Hypothalmus; stimulates secretion of TSH | TO: anterior pituitary
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| Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone | hypothalmus; Stimulates ACTH; internal & external factors alter release | TO: anterior pituitary
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| Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone | Hypothalmus; stimulates LH and FSH | TO: anterior pituitary
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| Growth Hormone | anterior pituitary, produced by somatotrophs; promotes protein synthesis & use of fats for fuel; effect mediated indirectly by IGFs | TO: bone & skeletal muscle
low: pituitary dwarfism
high: gigantism, acromegaly
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| Gonadocorticoids | adrenal cortex; onset of puberty, secondary sex characteristics & sex drive | high: masculinization of females
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| Dopamine | (prolactin-inhibiting hormone) Hypothalmus; inhibits secretion of prolactin | TO: anterior pituitary
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| Thyroid Stimulating hormone | anterior pitutiary, produced by thyrotrophs; stimulates thyroid hormones | TO: thyroid gland
low: cretinism, myxedema
high: hyperthyroidism / Graves' Disease
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| Follicle Stimulating Hormone | anterior pituitary, produced by gonadotrophs; stimulates gamete production; suppressed by gonadal hormones (feedback) | low: failure of sexual maturation
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| Leutinizing Hormone | anterior pituitary, produced by gonadotrophs; promotes production of gonadal hormones | low: failure of sexual maturation
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| Prolactin | anterior pituitiary, produced by lactotrophs; stimulates milk production, breast development and inhibits ovulation. |
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| Acrenocorticotropic Hormone | anterior pituitary, produced by corticotrophs in daily rhythm; stimulates adrenal cortical hormones | TO: adrenal cortex
high: Cushing's Disease
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| Oxytocin | posterior pituitary; milk ejection; uterine contraction |
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| Antidiuretic hormone | (vasopressin) posterior pituitary; H2O re-absorption: low water intake -high ADH- low urine output | TO: kidneys
low: diabetes insipidus
high: SIADH
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| Thyroxine (T4) | Thyroid Gland; target tissues convert T4 to T3, both transported by thyroxine-binding globulins | low: myxedema, cretinism
high: Graves' Disease
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| Triiodothyrome (T3) | Thyroid gland; increases metabolic rate & heat production; maintains blood pressure, tissue growth, develops skeletal & NS, reproductive capabilites.10X more active than T4 (w 3 bound Iodine atoms); negative feedback release TSH, TRH can surpass | low: myxedema, cretinism
high: Graves' Disease
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| Glucocorticoids | (cortisol) adrenal cortex produced by ACTH; stimulates gluconeogenesis; anti-inflammatory; immunosuppression | low: Addison's Disease
high: Cushing's Syndrome
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| Progesterone | ovary; maturation of female reproductive organs, participates in development of the breasts; negative feedback to FSH and LH |
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| Testosterone | testes; male secondary sex characteristics, necessary for normal sperm production |
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| Parathyroid hormone | Parathyroid gland; increases serum Ca, decreases serum phosphate, absorb bone tissue. "when Ca levels in the blood are low, PTH will be the one to show." | from: osteoclasts in bone matrix
TO: blood stream
& secretion of phosphate by kidneys
low: due to trauma/removal = death
high: due to tumor = soft bones, kidney stones
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| Calcitonin | thyroid gland, parafollicular (C cells); decreases serum Ca, uptakes and incorporates into bone matrix; regulated by negative feedback | "When Ca levels in the blood are high,
say 'hi' to calcitonin; PTH goodbye"
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| Mineralocorticoids | adrenal cortex; increased renal Na reabsorption, increase renal K secretion, water follows sodium!; Aldosterone is most potent (raises BP) | TO: kidneys
low: Addison's Disease
high: Aldosteronism
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| Glucagon | Pancreas, produced by alpha cells; promotes glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis, release of glucose to the blood | TO: liver
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| Insulin | Pancreas, produced by beta cells; decrease blood glucose, stores glucose as glycogen in fat & muscle cells | low: diabetes mellitus
high: hypoglycemia (low blood glucose)
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| Human chorionic gonadotropin | placenta; increases estrogen and progesterone synthesis in corpus luteum of pregnancy |
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| Aldosterone comes from the | Zonea Glomerulosa |
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| Glucocorticoids come from | Zona Fasciculata |
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| Androgens come from | zona reticularis |
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| 3 layers of the adrenal cortex | Zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis |
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| Amino acid-based hormones | water soluble; cannot cross plasma membrane transport freely in plasma |
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| humoral stimuli | hormone release by altered levels of critical ions or nutrients |
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| neural stimuli | hormone release by neural input |
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| hormonal stimuli | hormone release by another (tropic) hormone |
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| 3 factors influencing activation of a target cell | blood levels, number of receptors, attraction of binding between hormone & receptor |
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| permissiveness | one cannot go without another |
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| synergism | one amplifies another |
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| antagonism | one opposes another |
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| hypothalamus | controls release of hormones from the pituitary gland, which has 2 parts |
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| tropic hormones | TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH | regulate secretory action of other endocrine glands
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| Norepinephrine | adrenal medulla (sympathetic NS), chromaffin cells; 20% influences peripheral vasoconstriction & BP | high: hypertension
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| Epinephrine | adrenal medulla (sympathetic NS), chromaffin cells; 80% stimulates metabolic activities, bronchial dilation and blood flow to skeletal muscles & heart | high: prolonged fight-or-flight
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| 4 functions of catecholamines | blood glucose levels to rise, blood vessels to constrict, heart to beat faster, blood diverted to brain, heart, & skeletal muscle |
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| Melatonin | pineal gland; timing of sexual maturation, day/night cycles, physiological rhythmic variations |
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| Atrial natriuretic peptide | heart; reduces BP, blood volume & blood Na concentration | TO: kidney
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| Renin | kidneys; initiates renin-angiotensin mechanism: low BP releases renin to blood & triggers cascade of angiotensin II, which stimulates glomerulosa cells to release aldosterone, increasing BP to normal |
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| Cholecalciferol | skin; the precursor of vitamin D | TO: intestine
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| Erythropoietin | kidneys; signals production of RBCs |
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| Leptin | adipose tissue; involved in appetite control, stimulates increased energy expenditure | TO: muscle, liver
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| Thymulin, Thymopoietins, Thymosins | involved in the normal development of the T lymphocytes in the immune response; act locally as paracrines |
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| autocrines | locally acting chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them |
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| paracrines | locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them |
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| hormones | long distance chemical signals that travel in the blood or lymph |
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| gluconeogenesis | formation of glucose from fats & proteins |
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| Steroid hormones | lipid soluble; act on receptors inside cell transport bound to plasma proteins gonad & adrenocortical hormones |
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