A&P.mart.cardio
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| blood purpose | transportation of gases, nutrients, hormones & metabolic waste; regulation of pH & Ions; restriction of fluid losses at injury sites; defense against toxins & pathogens; stabilization of temperature
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| plasma | unique connective tissue; plasma proteins are in solution -don't form like cartilage
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| hemocytoblasts or | pluripotent stem cells
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| hemocytoblasts divide to produce | myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells (which are capable of division)
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| myeloid stem cells and lymphoid cells divide | daughter cells are specialized
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| whole blood can be | fractionated; or separated,
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| characteristics of whole blood (physical) | temperature roughly 38 degrees Centigrade or 100.4 F; viscosity - blood is 5 times more viscous (stickier, more cohesive, & resistant to flow) and has pH of 7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)
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| vein used to collect blood | median cubital vein
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| venipuncture | 1. veins easy to locate 2. walls of veins thinner than artereis & 3. blood pressure in venous system lower than arterial blood-most common clinical procedures examine venous blood
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| arterial puncture | "arterial stick" used to check efficiency of gas exchange at the lungs - drawn from radial artery at wrist of brachial artery at elbow
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| plasma and interstitial fluid constitute | 92 percent of the extracellular fluid (ECF) in the body
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| 3 primary classes of plasma proteins | 1. albumins; 2. globulins & 3) fibrinogen - make up 99% of plasma proteins
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| albumins | 60% of plasma protein, osmotic pressure & transport fatty acids, etc.
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| glbulins 35% of proteins | antibodies or immunoglobins; transport globulins (carry iron) transferrin
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| fibrinogen | clotting - 4% of plasma proteins
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| red blood cells | 1 microliter (or 1 cubic millimeter (mm#) contain 4.5-6.3 million RBc's (for men) - RBC's are so numerous they account for
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| hematocrit | percentage of whole blood occupied by cellular elements
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| normal hematocrit | MALES have more RBC's than females
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| hematocrit is expressed in | commonly reported at volume of packed red blood cells (VPRC) or simply the packed cell volume (PCV)
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| dehydrationg means the hematocrit will | increase (due to less water; reduction in plasma volume)
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| Why are RBC's concave? | 1. greater surface area 2. form stacks, like dinner plates, in narrow blood vessels 3. can bend and flex
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| RBC's have few organelles (in humans & mammals) | energy demands are low, mitochondria don't "steal it" therefore RBC's can't reapir
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| hemoglobin conservation & recycling | phagocytes engulf aging RBCS or they hemolyze (rupture)
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| hemoglobin Hb recylced | globular proteins disassembled into component amino acids (re-used in bone marrow red cell production); heme units stripped of iron & converted to biliverdin and then bilirubin (transferred to liver & excreted as bile)
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| what happens to iron in blood? | large quantities of free iron are toxic; so iron is bound to transferrin, a plasma protein; taken to form new red blood cells
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| hypoxia | hypo - below - ox (presence of oxygen)
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| hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) | Rh factor - mother's blood can cross placenta and attack Rh-positive fetus - fatalities prevented by RhoGam (which destroys fetal anti-Rh antibodies before they get into mother's bloodstream; therefore the immune system is not immobolized
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