Endocrine Reverse Definitions
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diabetes mellitus | a common pancreatic disorder involving insulin secretion into the blood, either in too much or too little quantities
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dwarfism | a condition of being abnormally small; may be hereditary or an endocrine dysfunction
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polyphagia | a condition of eating abnormally large amounts of food
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cortisol | a glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex
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glycosuria | abnormal amount of glucose in the urine
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thyrotoxicosis | abnormal condition of poisoning of the thyroid gland
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hypervolemia | abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma in the body
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gigantism | abnormal overgrowth of the entire body caused by hypersecretion of pituitary growth hormone before puberty
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hypocalcemia | abnormally low amount of calcium in the blood
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antagonistic | acting in opposition; mutually opposing
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radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) | administration of radioactive iodine in pill or liquid form is used as a tracer to test how quickly the thyroid gland takes up iodine from the blood
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epinephrine | adrenaline- produced in the adrenal medulla. Increases heart rate, fat metabolism for energy, and dilates the bronchial tubes
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sympathomimetic | agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
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ketoacidosis | an acute stage of diabetes mellitus characterized by hypotension and eventually, coma
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pancreas | an organ that contains groups of cells called the islets of Langerhans which produce endocrine secretions, such as insulin and glucagon
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serum glucose tests | blood tests to aid in the diagnosis of insulin deficiency
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morbid obesity | body mass index of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more pounds over ideal body weight
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Addison disease | chronic disorder of the adrenal glands caused by a deficiency of cortical hormones
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islets of Langerhans | clusters of cells in the pancreas which produce insulin and glucagon
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hypercalcemia | condition in which the calcium level in the blood is higher than normal
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hyperkalemia | condition in which the potassium level in the blood is higher than normal
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thyroid storm | crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of increased amount of thyroid hormone; also called thyroid crisis or thyrotoxic crisis
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insulin tolerance test (ITT) | diagnostic test in which insulin is injected into the vein to assess pituitary function, adrenal function, and to determine insulin sensitivity
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Cushing syndrome | disorder caused by hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex, resulting in excessive production of steroids
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transsphenoidal hypophysectomy | endoscopic procedure to surgically remove a pituitary tumour through an incision in the sphenoid sinus without disturbing brain tissue
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obesity | excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight
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hyperinsulinism | excessive amount of insulin in the blood- insulin shock
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hyperglycemia | excessive amount of sugar in the blood
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hirsutism | excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women
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hypersecretion | excessive secretion
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parathyroidectomy | excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathroidism
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thymectomy | excision of the thymus gland
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thyroidectomy | excision of the entire thyroid gland, a part of it, or a single lobe
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hypokalemia | extreme depletion of potassium in the blood usually lost in diuresis
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glucogenesis | formation of glucose from glycogen
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parathyroid glands | four separate glands that are located on the posterior surface of the lobes of the thyroid gland
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endocrine glands | glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream
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glucagon | hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells that stimulates the liver to change stored glycogen to glucose
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insulin | hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that allows body cells to use glucose for energy or store it in the liver as glycogen
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mineralocorticoids | hormones in the adrenal cortex that regulate water and mineral salts in the body
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somatotropin | human growth hormone found in the anterior pituitary lobe
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pituitary gland | hypophysis; pea-shaped gland that is located at the base of the brain
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thyroid scan | images of the thyroid gland are obtained after oral or intravenous administration of a small dose of radioactive iodine
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computed tomography (CT) | imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measures the intensity of transmitted rays form different angles
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hyposecretion | inadequate secretion
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growth hormone replacements | increase skeletal growth in children and growth hormone deficiencies in adults
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diuresis | increased formation and secretion of urine
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adrenal medulla | inner section of the adrenal gland which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
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atrophy | lack of development
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thyroid gland | largest gland on the endocrine system. Located in the neck, just below the larynx
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insulins | lower blood glucose by promoting its entrance into body cells and converting glucose to gylcogen
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hyponatremia | lower than normal level of sodium in the blood
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virilism | masculinization or development of male secondary sex characteristics in a woman
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exophthalmometry | measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball as seen in Graves disease
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oral hypoglycemics | medications used to stimulate the pancreas to secrete insulin
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pinealectomy | method of choice for removing a fibrous, nodular thyroid
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electrolyte | mineral salts that carry an electrical charge in solution
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Graves disease | multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by pronounced hyperthyroidism usually associated with enlarged thyroid gland and exophthalmos
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | noninvasive imaging technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field rather that an x-ray beam to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images
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norepinephrine | noradrenalin; produced in the adrenal medulla. Increases blood pressure and constricts vessels
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thyroxine (T4) | one of the two major hormones produced by the thyroid. Regulates metabolism and energy levels
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triiodothyronine (T3) | one of the two major hormones produced, stored and released by the thyroid gland
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adrenal cortex | outer section of the adrenal gland which secretes steroids
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pineal gland | pine-cone shaped gland that is attached to the posterior part of the third ventricle of the brain
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metabolism | processes in which substances are broken down or built up during chemical reactions that are necessary to maintain life
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exophthalmos | protrusion of eyes due to swelling in tissues; often associated with Graves disease
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acromegaly | rare hormonal disorder in adulthood, usually caused by a GH-secreting pituitary tumour that promotes the soft tissue and bones of the face, hands, and feet to grow larger than normal
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antidiuretics | reduce or control excretion of urine
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subtotal thyroidectomy | removal of most of the thyroid to relieve hyperthyroidism
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thyroid supplements | replace or supplement thyroid hormones
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corticosteroids | replace hormones lost in adrenal insufficiency
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glucose tolerance test (GTT) | screening test in which a dose of glucose is administered and blood samples are taken afterward at regular intervals to determine how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood
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pheochromocytoma | small chromaffin cell tumour, usually located in the adrenal medulla, causing elevated heart rate and blood
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aldosterone | steroid produced in the adrenal cortex. Is essential to life. Maintains sodium and potassium levels
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glucocorticoids | steroids in the adrenal cortex that influence the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins
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glycogen | substance in which carbohydrates are stored in the liver for future conversion into sugar
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adrenalectomy | surgical excision of an adrenal gland
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thyroidectomy | surgical excision of the thyroid gland
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thyroid function test (TFT) | test that detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function
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fasting blood sugar (FBS) | test that measures glucose levels in a blood sample following a fast of at least 8 hours
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total calcium test | test that measures calcium to detect bone and parathyroid disorders
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endocrinology | the study of ductless glands, their secretions, and their function of homeostasis
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hypoglycemia | too little sugar in the blood
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panhypopituitarism | total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormonal activity
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antithyroids | treat hyperthyroidism by impeding the formation of T3 and T4 hormone
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oral antidiabetics | treat type 2 diabetes mellitus by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin and decrease peripheral resistance to insulin
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adenoma | tumour of a gland
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insulinoma | tumour of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
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adrenal glands | two bean-shaped glands situated on top of the kidneys which secrete steroid and sex hormones
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thyroid echogram | ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland
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hypogonadism | underdevelopment of internal secretions of male sex glands
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antiduiretic hormone | vasopressin; promotes reabsorption of water in the kidneys
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thyrotoxic | thyroid poisoning
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