PHS Test 1 Units 1&2
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| Ancient Times (4000-3000BC) | Illness/disease caused by supernatural spirits and demons
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| Ancient Egyptians (3000-300BC) | Earliest people to maintain health records
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| Ancient Egyptians (3000-300BC) | Mummified corpses showed signs of arthritis, kidney stones and arteriosclerosis
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| Ancient Chinese (1200BC-220AD) | Treat whole body by cursing spirits and nourishing the body; recorded herbal medications; used acupuncture to treat pain
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| Ancient Greeks | Illness was result of natural causes; believed in disease prevention; studied effects of disease and the human body
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| Hippocrates | "Father of Medicine"
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| Hippocrates | Organized disease by signs and symptoms
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| Hippocrates | Created high standards of ethics used by physicians (Hippocratic Oath)
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| Sign | Objective patient observation
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| Symptom | Subjective patient observation
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| Sign | Fever
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| Symptom | Pain
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| Sign | Swollen ankle
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| Symptom | Nausea
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| Ancient Romans | Established hospitals (for injured soldiers)
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| Ancient Romans | Developed public sanitation systems (aqueducts for clean water, sewers for waste)
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| Dark Ages (400-800 AD) | Emphasis on saving soul and study of medicine prohibited
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| Middle Ages (800-1400 AD) | Bubonic plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
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| Arab physician Rhazes | Began using animal gut for suture material
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| Renaissance (1350-1650AD) | The rebirth of science & medicine; dissection of the human body began
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| Leonardo DaVinci | Studied corpses and drew the human body more realistically
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| Printing Press | Allowed knowledge to be spread
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| Anton Van Leeuwenhoek | Invented the microscope
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| Ambroise Pare | Father of modern Surgery
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| William Harvey | Described circulation of blood to/from the heart
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| Ambroise Pare | Used ligatures to bind arteries to stop bleeding
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| Gabriel Fahrenheit | Invented 1st mercury thermometer
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| Benjamin Franklin | Invented bifocals
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| Benjamin Franklin | 1Discovered colds could be passed from person to person
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| Edward Jenner | Developed smallpox vaccination
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| Rene Laennec | Invented the stethoscope
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| Florence Nightingale | Founder of modern nursing
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| Florence Nightingale | Start nursing schools
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| Robert Koch | Father of microbiology; developed way to grow bacteria on culture plates
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| Ignaz Semmelweiss | Encouraged hand-washing
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| Gregory Mendel | Established principles of heredity (traits can be passed from parents to children)
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| Louis Pasteur | Discovered that microorganisms cause disease and how to kill them (pasteurization of milk)
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| Wilhelm Roentgen | Discovered x-rays
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| Joseph Lister | First doctor to use antiseptic during surgery
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| Sigmund Freud | Formed the basis for psychiatry and psychology
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| Clara Barton | Founded the American Red Cross
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| Sir Alexander Fleming | Discovered penicillin
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| Jonas Salk | Discovered polio vaccination
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| Crick and Watson | Described DNA structure
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| Cost containment | Control costs while achieving maximum benefits
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| Telemedicine | Using video, audio and computer systems to provide medical services
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| Diagnostic Related Group (DRG) | Classifying patients with certain disease in one payment group
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| DRG | Diagnostic Related Group
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| Hopsital | Provides INPATIENT care.
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| Hospitals are classified by funding; list the four funding types. | 1) Proprietary/for profit 2) nonprofit 3) government 4) Religious
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| Hospitals are classified by services; list the two service types. | 1) General 2) Specialty
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| Long-term healthcare facility | Provides care for elderly, people with physical or mental disabilities and people with chronic or long-term illness.
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| Nursing home | For live-in patients who no longer can care for themselves
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| Emergency Care | Provide special care for accidents or sudden illness (risk of losing life, limb or eye sight)
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| Medical Offices | Provide diagnosis, treatment, examination, basic laboratory testing & minor surgery; usually operated by a group of group of physicans
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| Dental Offices | Provide dental exams, cleaning and treatments for a variety of disorders
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| Clinics | Provide a variety of OUTPATIENT services
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| Optical Centers | Provide vision exams; prescribe eye glasses or contact lenses
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| Medical Labs | where diagnostic test are processed (usually blood or urine specimens)
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| Dental Labs | where implants, dentures and other corrective devices for the mouth are made
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| Home Health Care | Provide care to patients who are terminally ill
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| Palliative Care | Comfort care for the terminally ill
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| Mental Health | Provide care of patients who have mental illness and disorders
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| List 4 types of Mental Health Services | 1) Counseling 2) Psychiatric 3) Chemical abuse 4) Phsycial abuse
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| Genetic Counseling Centers | Provide testing & counseling to individuals or couples who are pregnant or considering pregnancy
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| Rehabilitation | Provide services to help patients with physical or mental disabilities develop maximum ability for self-care
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| List 3 examples of rehabilitative therapy | 1) Physical therapy 2) Occupational therapy 3) Speech therapy
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| Industrial Health Centers | Onsite clinic within a large industry or employer that provides basic exams, accident/illness prevention and wellness programs
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| School Health Services | Provide health screenings, health education, and emergency care to students and staff, along with recommendations for a safe/sanitary school environment
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| Local Health Departments | provide immunizations, inspections for health and sanitation, statistics and records, health education or clinics
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| Associate's Degree | awarded by vocational/technical school or community college; requires completion of prescribed two-year course of study
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| Bachelor's Degree | Awarded by college or university; requires completion of prescribed course of study that usually lasts for four or more years
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| Master's Degree | Awarded by a college or university; requires completion of one ore more years beyond a bachelor's degree
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| Doctorate Degree | Awarded by college or university; requires completion of two or more years beyond a bachelor's or master's degree; some require four to six years of additional study
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| Purpose of certification, Registration & Licensure | to ensure skill and competency of healthcare workers and to protect patients
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| Certification | issued if person fulfills requirements of education and performance and meets standards and qualifications established (not REQUIRED to work in that career field)
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| Registration | REQUIRED of some careers; professional/state agencies administer examinations and maintain a current list (the "registry") of qualified individuals
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| Licensure | Authorizes individuals to work in an occupation; Person required to 1) complete approved education program, 2) pass a STATE board exam, and 3) Maintain certain standards (CEC)
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| Aide/Assistant | Up to one year of training (classroom and on-the-job training); examples: Dental assistant, nursing aide
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| Purpose of an Accrediting Agency is? | Ensures that a program of study meets established quality competency standards
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| Purpose of Continuing Education Credits (CEC)is? | Required to renew licenses, and maintain registration/certificaiton
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| Technician | Associate's degree, or on-the-job training; examples: dental laboratory technician, surgical technician
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| Technologist | 3-4 years of college (bachelor's degree), plus work experience; examples: Occupational Therapist, Respiratory Therapist
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| Professional | 4 years of college (bachelor's) and an advanced degree; examples: dentist, physician, nurse
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| Therapeutic Services Cluster/Pathway | Maintain or change the health status of the patient over time; examples: nurse, physician, physical therapist, occupational therapist, speech therapist
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| Diagnostic Services Cluster/Pathway | Create a picture of patient health at a single point and time; examples: Electroencephalographic technologist, medical laboratory technician, radiologic technician
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| Health Informatics Cluster/Pathway | Provide functions that support and document patient care; examples: admitting clerk, epidemiologist, medical librarian
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| Support Services Cluster/Pathway | Provide a therapeutic environment for the delivery of health care; examples: central supply worker, housekeeper
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| Biotechnology Research & Development Cluster/Pathway (Environmental) | uses scientific and technical advancements to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic abilities in health care; examples: biomedical engineer, forensic scientist
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| Purpose of the National Health Care Skill Standards (NHCSS) is | Developed to indicate knowledge and skills expected of health care workers in a specific cluster/pathway
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| Preventing Illness | Most effective cost containment strategy; prevent illnesses from occurring.
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| Outpatient Services | Cost containment strategy; provide as much patient care in the clinics (outpatients) vs. in hospitals (inpatients) that spend a night)
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| Mass/Bulk Purchasing | Cost containment strategy that purchases things in large quantity to save money
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| Combination of services | Cost containment strategy that saves money by offering similar services in on location (eg: pharmacy, radiology or labs)
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| Athletic Trainer | Prevent, recognize, manage, & rehabilitate injuries that result from physical activity
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| Massage Therapist | Apply manual techniques to manipulate soft tissue
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| Occupational Therapist | Work with people who are having difficulty participating in their daily living and working environments due to mental, physical, developmental or emotional disabilities
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| Physical Therapist | Work with patients to help them regain their physical strength
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| Recreational Therapist | Provide activities and recreational opportunities to people with disabilities and illnesses
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| Respiratory Therapist | Treat patients who have difficulty breathing because of heart-lung problems
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| Speech Language Pathologist | Evaluate and treat patients with speech, hearing, language and swallowing problems
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| Audiologist | Help people with hearing and balance disorders.
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| Chiropractic Care | Complementary medicine that focuses on mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal systems
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| Phlembotomist | Draw blood samples by puncture of the veins
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| Dental Hygienist | clean teeth, apply fluorides and sealants to teeth and conduct X-rays
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| Oral Surgeon | Surgery of the mouth and jaw
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| Orthodontics | correction of teeth placement and facial structures
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| Periodontics | Treat the gums and supporting structures
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| Health Information Administrator | Plan, develop, organize, manage and direct the medical information system for healthcare facilities
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| Social Worker | Work with individual or groups with problems such as poverty, illness, substance abuse or child, spouse or elder abuse.
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| Certified Nurses Aide (CNA) | Basic nursing skills; earned with 15 -22 weeks of training and are certified.
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| Licensed Vocational Nurse (LVN) | help care for ill or injured people and perform health maintenance duties under the direction of physicians, dentists and registered nurses; 1 year of training with a certification
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| Registered Nurse (RN) | observe patients to assess symptoms, reactions to treatment, and progress. Manage CNAs and LVNs; must have an associates or bachelors and be certified.
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| Pharmacist | dispense medications prescribed by physicians, dentists, and other authorized medical practitioners
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| Electrocardiographic (EKG) Technician | operate noninvasive equipment which prints graphic tracings of electrical impulses transmitted by the heart
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| What career pathway/cluster is a Healthcare Administrator? | Health Informatics
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| What pathway/cluster is an Electrocardiographic (EKG) technician? | Diagnostic
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| Optometrist | Vision care - exam, diagnosis, treat and manage eye diseases.
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