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*Coast Terms* (Especially 4 Geography As)

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Term
Definition
Details
Type
Onshore   A movement from sea to land   Usually used to describe winds   Coastal Environment  
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Backshore   The beach area, landward of the foreshore above the normal reach of the tides, that provides the primary protection from the hinterland     Coastal Environment  
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Intertidal and Nearshore   Zone of land between highest and lowest tides   In low-lying areas i.e mudflats, this can be very extensive and important ecologically   Coastal Environment  
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Offshore Zone   A zone that is seaward of the breakpoint   This may include features such as offshore bars   Coastal Environment  
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Coast   The area where landmasses meet the sea   Often used to encompass the zones on either side of the shoreline   Coastal Environment  
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Coastline/Shoreline   A line used in the analysis of shoreline evolution   It represents the cliff top edge on cliffed coasts, edge of hard defences where these exist, and the backshore/ hinter   Coastal Environment  
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Coastal Zonation   The identification of areas of coast often for planning purposes   The term may refer to zones such as offshore, onshore or to sections of the coast sharing common marine processes.   Coastal Environment  
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Littoral Zone   The environmental zone that exists between the highest and lowest levels of the spring tides.     Coastal Environment  
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Beach System   The inputs, outputs, transfers, processes and stores that interact with each other on the beach   (blank)   System  
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Coastal System   The inputs, outputs, transfers, processes and stores that interact with each other along the coast   (blank)   System  
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Littoral Cells   Offshore littoral zones within which the circulation of sediment through longshore drift and other processes, is relatively self contained.   11 such zones have been identified for England and Wales   System  
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Sediment Sinks   These occur when sediment movements meet and material is lost from marine circulation   They are often associated with the creation of depositional features   System  
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Dynamic Equilibrium   The balance between inputs and outputs in a system   It is linked to the concept of "steady state"   System  
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Storm Surge   A rapid rise in sea level brought about by a combination of factors.   These factors include; - High strong tides - strong onshore winds - funneling of water into narrow coastal zones - very low atmospheric pressure - esturine rivers at flood level due to prolonged rainfall.   System  
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Storm Event   An exceptionally powerful storm with associated geomorphological consequences i.e the creation of a new storm beach   (blank)   System  
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Structure   Geological features   i.e folding and faulting   Physical Factor AC  
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Lithology   Rock Type   (blank)   Physical Factor AC  
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Differential Erosion   The erosion of different geological elements at different rates due to variations.   i.e lithology or faulting which may lead to features such as headlands and bays.   Physical Factor AC  
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Fault Zone   Area of rocks with a high degree of faulting, making it prone to erosion   (blank)   Physical Factor AC  
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Jointing   Fractures in rocks that do not involve faulting   (blank)   Physical Factor AC  
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Bedding Plane   Surface within a rock that is parallel to the surface of deposition   Often associated with cracks that may lead to erosion   Physical Factor AC  
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Concordant Features   Features that occur where geological structures run parallel with the coast   (blank)   Physical Factor AC  
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Discordant Features   Features which occur when structures run at right angles to the coast   (blank)   Physical Factor AC  
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Wave Frequency   The number of waves per minute   (blank)   Physical Factor AC  
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Fetch   The distance that a wave travels before breaking   (blank)   Physical Factors AC  
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Dominant Wind   The wind direction that has the principal impact on marine processes in an area   (blank)   Physical Factor AC  
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Prevailing Wind   The wand that blows most frequently in an area   It is often the dominant wind   Physical Factor AC  
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Corrasion   Erosion caused by pebbles and rock fragments hitting the beach or cliff rocks.   (blank)   C Process  
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Abrasion   Another term for corrasion   (blank)   C Process  
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Corrosion   Erosion brought about by chemical action on rocks   (blank)   C Process  
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Hydraulic Action   Erosion brought about by the pressure of water on cliffs and beaches.   (blank)   C Process  
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Wave Refraction   The "bending" of a wave due to friction as its base touches the seabed   (blank)   C Process  
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Longshore Drift   The movement of material along a beach caused by waves (swash) striking the beach at an angle, and the backwash returning at right angles   (blank)   C Process  
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Rip Currents   Fast flowing backwash that can scour beach channels   (blank)   C Process  
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Tides   The periodic rises and falls of sea level due to the gravitational action of the sun and moon   (blank)   C Process  
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Micro-Tidal Environment   The zone of littoral affected by tidal action   It has particular relevance to ecological systems   C Process  
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Swash   Water moving up a beach after a wave has broken   (blank)   C Process  
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Backwash   The movement of water back down a beach due to gravity   (blank)   C Process  
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Sub-aerial Erosion   Non-marine erosional processes that occur on cliff and beach surfaces   (blank)   C Process  
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Rotational Slipping   Landslipping that occurs on a curved plane   It is often caused by weak underlying rocks giving way during saturation   C Process  
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Slumping   Movement of material down a slope, under gravity, but lubricated by water   (blank)   C Process  
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Flow   The movement of liquid or semi-liquid material downslope e.g on a cliff face   (blank)   C Process  
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Landslide   Movement of dry material downslope (due to gravity) with no lubrication   (blank)   C Process  
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Long Term Changes   Long Term - permanent changes that occur quickly or slowly   (blank)   C Process  
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Short Term Changes   Changes that happen relatively quickly and usually regarded as temporary   (blank)   C Process  
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Active Cliffs   Cliffs undergoing active erosion   (blank)   C Landforms  
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Degraded Cliffs   Non-active cliffs   (blank)   C Landforms  
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Wave-cut notch   An "undercut" or notch at the base of a cliff caused by marine erosion   (blank)   C Landforms  
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Wave-cut flatform   A gently sloping platform (less than 4o) at the base of the cliff, cut by marine action   (blank)   C Landfrorms  
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Cliff Profile   The vertical outline or cross-section of a cliff   (blank)   C Landforms  
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Sea Cave   Hollow cut in a cliff by marine action   e.g. limestone caves Llantwit Major   C Landforms  
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Sea Arch   Arch in a cliff cut by marine action   e.g. Durdle Door, Dorset   C Landform  
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Stack   Tall remnant of a cliff, left isolated by marine action   e.g. The Needles   C Landform  
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Stump   Short remnant of a cliff, left isolated by marine action   (blank)   C Landform  
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Geo   Steep sided inlet cut by marine action   (blank)   C Landform  
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Beach   The deposit of non-cohesive material on the interface between dry land and the sea   (blank)   C Landform  
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Beach Cusps   Small "embayments" found on beaches that channel swash to their centres, thus maintaining their form   (blank)   C Landform  
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Beach Profile   Vertical cross section of a beach   (blank)   C Landform  
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Storm Beach   A line of coarse material deposited on the upper beach during a storm   (blank)   C Landform  
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Berm   Ridge of coarse material on the upper beach deposited by spring tides and storms   (blank)   C Landforms  
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Spit   Long strip of shingle joined to the coast   This results from marine deposition   C Landforms  
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Bar   Offshore deposit of sand or shingle   (blank)   C Landform  
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Tombolo   Island linked to mainland by a depositional feature such as a spit   (blank)   C Landform  
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Sea Level Changes   Can be positive, negative, eustatic, isostatic   Positive (a sea level rise relative to the land), Negative ( a sea level fall relative to the land), Eustatic ( changes caused by sea volume changes ie. global warming), Isostatic (changes brought about by vertical land movements ie. melting of glaciers)   C Landform  
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Raised Beach   Old becah left "high and dry" by falling sea level   (blank)   C Landform  
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Fjord   Glacial valley drowned by sea level rise to form narrow, steep sided inlet   (blank)   C Landform  
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Ria   Steep sided river valley drowned by sea level rise   e.g Dartmouth   C Landform  
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Estuaries   Lower stretches of rivers that are tidal - often drowned by post-glacial sea level rise   e.g. Southhampton Water   C Landform  
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