A and P 231 Final at Pcc
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| Simply squamous epithelial | passage of materials by diffusion and filteration, secretes lube,
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| strattified squamous epithelial | thick membrane made of many layers, basement layers are cuboidal or collumnar (basale), surface cells are flat, When keartinized they have a layer of flat cells, protection from abrasion, non keratinized line the esophogus, mouth (remember chips).
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| Simple cuboidal epithelium | cube shaped, secretion and absorption, located in the Kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of glands
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| stratified cuboidal epithelium | 2 layers (usually), job is protection, location glands (salivary, mammary, sweat)
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| Simple columnar epithelium | columns with nucleus towards "basement" or basale, Job is absorption, lines the intestinal track. Location in the guts or intestins.
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| stratified columnar epithelial | many of layers elongated cells with nucleus at the base. Job is protection and secretion. Small amounts in the male uretha (rare)
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| transitional epithelium | resembles cuboidal and columnar but is neither, stretches and twists enough to be used in the bladder with out tearing
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| psudeostratified columnar epthielium | has cillia to move stuff out of the trachea, not stratified, trachea and secretion
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| Areolar | gel matrix with 3 types fibers (fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells) Job: wraps and cushions. Location: widely distributed under the skin.
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| Adipose | Desc: Sparse matrix, mostly made up of fat cells, nucleus pushed to outer edge of cell by fat droplet. Job: reserve fuel, insulation against heat loss, cushions for organs. Location: under skin, around kidneys & eyeballs, abdomen, breasts
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| Reticular | Desc: Network of fibers (reticular) and reticular cells within the network. Job: fibers form a soft internal skeleton to support white blood cells, mast cells. Location: lymphoid organs
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| Dense Regular | Desc: Mostly parallel collagen fibers made of fibroblast cells. Job: attaches muscles to bone or to other muscles and withstands great stress. Location: tendons and ligaments.
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| Dense Irrigular | Desc: Mostly irregularly arranged collagen fibers, Fibroblast cells. Job: Able to stand tension exerted from many different directions. Location: dermis of skin, digestive tract, joints
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| Hyaline | Desc: Firm matrix (collagen fibers make an impenatrable matrix), cells live in a lacuna. (CATEYE). Job: supports and reinforces, cushions, resists compressive stress. Location: cartilage in ribs, nose, laraynx.
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| Elastic | Desc: close To hyaline but with more fibers. Job: maintains the shape of structure while allowing great flexibility. Location: ear
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| Fibrocartilage | Desc: Cat eye, less firm than hyaline with thick collagen fiber. Job: Tensile strength with ability to absorb shock. Location: discs of knee joints and intevertebral discs.
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| Bone | Desc: hard calcified matrix with collagen fibers. Job: support and protection, makes blood. Locations: bones
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| blood | Desc: red and white blood cells in plasma matrix. Job: transport respiritory gases, nutrients, waste, Location blood vessels
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| Nuerons | Desc: Nurons cells with branching cells processes. Job: transmit electrical signals from receptors to effectors, which control their activity. Location: brain spinal cord.
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| Skins 3 Layers | Epidermis (on top), Dermis (middle), Hypodermis (deepest)
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| Epidermis layers (deep to superficial) | Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum (thick skin only), corneum
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| Dermis Layers | Papillary (superficial) and Reticular (deeper)
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| Nerves of the Dermis | Meissner (light touch); Pacinian (deep touch); Free (pain)
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| Glands of dermis | sebacous, sweat (eccrine, apocrine) mammary, ceruminous (ear wax)
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| Sebacous Gland | Oily gland attached to hair, used to lube and move hair
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| Sweat glands | Eccrine: insensible perspiration. Apocrine: sensible (aware) perspiration, stinky sweat crotch and armpit.
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| bone parts | Epiphysis (ends of bone). Diaphysis (shaft), Medullary Cavity, Red (makes blood) and yellow(makes fat) marrow.
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| Osteoblast | builds bone cells
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| Osteoclasts | destroys bone cells
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| epiphyseal plate | where the two bone building sites meet. When they are done you stop growing
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| Osteon | basic unit of bone
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| Central canal (Haversian) | Main blood canal in bone
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| Canaliculus canals | tiny canals radiating outward form the central canal to lacuna
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| Lamella | Solid matrix
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| Lacuna | place where bone cell resides
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| Perforating fibers (Sharpey's) | between periosteum and bone matrix
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| Perforating Canals (Volkmann's) | Canals that run perpendicular to the central canal
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| calcitonin | hormone that makes osteoblasts turn on and make bone.
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| parathryoide hormone | tells the osteoclasts to destroy bone
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| 4 items that are needed for good bone growth | Calcium (in diet), vitamin D, Wolfs law (if you stress a bone...bone gets thicker), Hormones estrogen
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| Joint Structure | Fiberous, Cartilagenous, Synovial
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| Fiberous Joint type, function and location | Suture (skull), Syndesmosis (ankle), gomphosis (teeth). Welding bones with fiber.
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| Cartilagenous type, function and location | Fibrocartilage (symphysis), Hyaline (synchondrosis). Ribs and spine.
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| synovial type, function and location | Bones held together by fluid in a membrane with synovial fluid, shoulder, ball and socket
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| Joint movement | synarthrotic (no movement), Amphiarthrotic (some movement), Diarthrotic (lots of movement)
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| Joint movement and type of joints | Fibrous (synarthrotic), Cartilagenous (amphiathrotic), Synovial (Diarthrotic)
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| periosteum | membrane that covers all bones
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| endosteum | incomplete cellular layer that lives in the medullary
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| the rule of f's | Muscle>Bundles>cells>organelles>Chemicals or Filaments>>>> to Flesh>Fascicles>Fibers>Fibrils>Filaments
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| Connective tissue types around muscles | Epimysium>Flesh, Perimysium>Fascicles, Endomysium>Fibers
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| Sarcoplasm | cytoplasm for muscle cells
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| sarcolemma | cell membrane for muscle cells
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| transverse tubules | holes in the sarcolemma
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| sarcoplasmic reticulum | ER for the muscles
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| filament | myosin = thick, Actin=Thin
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| Contracting action on filaments | Thin/actin filaments are the ones moving, Thick are the ones pulling the thin/actin.
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| 9 Steps to muscle contraction | 1. AP 2. calcium released from sr 3. Calcium binds to troponin. 4. troponin rotates the tropomyosin exposes binding site on actin. 5. myosin grabs actin. myosin pulls actin. Atp resets myosin, calcium. Tropomysin covers binding sites
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| aerobic respiration characteristics | Glucose + Air (oxygen), lots of atp created, lasts for hours
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| anaerobic respiration characteristics | glucose makes 2 atp lasts for 15 seconds, byproduct is lactic acid
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| White Fiber (Muscle Cell) Characteristics | Large in diameter, more powerful and pull, low oxygen, anaerobic respiration, low endurance also called fast twitch
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| Red Fiber (Muscle Cell) Characteristics | Smaller in diameter, less power, lots of blood, air mitochondria, areobic with high endurance
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| The motor unit | When the nerve is talking to the muscle
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| Recruitment (Muscle) | When the nerve "taps" more muscles fibers to get more power...the brain is in charge of recruitment.
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| Summation (muscle) | When the nerve continues to fire...tells the muscle to keep going. "Keep" holding the pen
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| Glial Cell Types | Astrocyte, microglial, ependymal, schwann, oligondrendrocyte
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| Astrocyte | looks like a star, protects, feeds, loves
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| microglial | small, immunity role
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| ependymal | moves fluid along in the brain
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| schwann cell | makes myelin sheath
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| oligondrendrocyte | makes myelin sheath
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| neuron parts | cell body, axon, dendrite
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| Flow of neural message through neuron | in the dendrite and out the axon
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| Axon characteristics | the output in a neuron, the bigger the wire the faster the message gets sent
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| Myelin sheath | creates more insolation and that means that there is less leaking.
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| nerve sizes and locations | big fat nerves in the eyeballs, small and thin in the stomach
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| nerve process | 1. Depolarization: sodium goes in through "sodium channel" by diffusion. 2. Repolarization: potassium goes out of axon by way of diffusion. 3. sodium potassium pumps sodium out and potassium in at 3:2 rate.
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| nerve firing trigger point | -55
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| nerve synapse | 1. AP releases synapse. 2. calcium channels open. 3. calcium goes into presynaptic nerve. 4. vesicles are released into synapse. 5. NT released and bind to recepters on postsy 6. NT open the channels on postsy nerve. 7. reset by NT back to postsy
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| neurotransmitters | Acetylcholine (ach), Gaba, Glutamate, Epinephrine, Dopamine, Seratonine
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| ACH | excitory, Inhibitory, Location: muscles and guts
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| Gaba | Inhibitory. Location: Everywhere
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| Glutamate | Excitory: Everywhere
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| Epinephrine | excitory: everywhere
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| dopamine | excitory and inhibitory: brain and motor control
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| seratonine | excitory. contentment. satisfied feeling
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| Monosaccharide (simple sugar0 | polysaccharide (complex carb)
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| Amino acids to... | Protiens (poly peptides)
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| fatty acids to... | fats or lipids
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| nucleotides to... | DNA, RNA, Nucleic acids
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| Hydrophillic | Dissolves in water or water loving
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| hydrophobic | does not dissolve in water (fats)
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