A and P 231 Final at Pcc

Help

Question

Answer

Simply squamous epithelial

passage of materials by diffusion and filteration, secretes lube,

strattified squamous epithelial

thick membrane made of many layers, basement layers are cuboidal or collumnar (basale), surface cells are flat, When keartinized they have a layer of flat cells, protection from abrasion, non keratinized line the esophogus, mouth (remember chips).

Simple cuboidal epithelium

cube shaped, secretion and absorption, located in the Kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of glands

stratified cuboidal epithelium

2 layers (usually), job is protection, location glands (salivary, mammary, sweat)

Simple columnar epithelium

columns with nucleus towards "basement" or basale, Job is absorption, lines the intestinal track. Location in the guts or intestins.

stratified columnar epithelial

many of layers elongated cells with nucleus at the base. Job is protection and secretion. Small amounts in the male uretha (rare)

transitional epithelium

resembles cuboidal and columnar but is neither, stretches and twists enough to be used in the bladder with out tearing

psudeostratified columnar epthielium

has cillia to move stuff out of the trachea, not stratified, trachea and secretion

Areolar

gel matrix with 3 types fibers (fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells) Job: wraps and cushions. Location: widely distributed under the skin.

Adipose

Desc: Sparse matrix, mostly made up of fat cells, nucleus pushed to outer edge of cell by fat droplet. Job: reserve fuel, insulation against heat loss, cushions for organs. Location: under skin, around kidneys & eyeballs, abdomen, breasts

Reticular

Desc: Network of fibers (reticular) and reticular cells within the network. Job: fibers form a soft internal skeleton to support white blood cells, mast cells. Location: lymphoid organs

Dense Regular

Desc: Mostly parallel collagen fibers made of fibroblast cells. Job: attaches muscles to bone or to other muscles and withstands great stress. Location: tendons and ligaments.

Dense Irrigular

Desc: Mostly irregularly arranged collagen fibers, Fibroblast cells. Job: Able to stand tension exerted from many different directions. Location: dermis of skin, digestive tract, joints

Hyaline

Desc: Firm matrix (collagen fibers make an impenatrable matrix), cells live in a lacuna. (CATEYE). Job: supports and reinforces, cushions, resists compressive stress. Location: cartilage in ribs, nose, laraynx.

Elastic

Desc: close To hyaline but with more fibers. Job: maintains the shape of structure while allowing great flexibility. Location: ear

Fibrocartilage

Desc: Cat eye, less firm than hyaline with thick collagen fiber. Job: Tensile strength with ability to absorb shock. Location: discs of knee joints and intevertebral discs.

Bone

Desc: hard calcified matrix with collagen fibers. Job: support and protection, makes blood. Locations: bones

blood

Desc: red and white blood cells in plasma matrix. Job: transport respiritory gases, nutrients, waste, Location blood vessels

Nuerons

Desc: Nurons cells with branching cells processes. Job: transmit electrical signals from receptors to effectors, which control their activity. Location: brain spinal cord.

Skins 3 Layers

Epidermis (on top), Dermis (middle), Hypodermis (deepest)

Epidermis layers (deep to superficial)

Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum (thick skin only), corneum

Dermis Layers

Papillary (superficial) and Reticular (deeper)

Nerves of the Dermis

Meissner (light touch); Pacinian (deep touch); Free (pain)

Glands of dermis

sebacous, sweat (eccrine, apocrine) mammary, ceruminous (ear wax)

Sebacous Gland

Oily gland attached to hair, used to lube and move hair

Sweat glands

Eccrine: insensible perspiration. Apocrine: sensible (aware) perspiration, stinky sweat crotch and armpit.

bone parts

Epiphysis (ends of bone). Diaphysis (shaft), Medullary Cavity, Red (makes blood) and yellow(makes fat) marrow.

Osteoblast

builds bone cells

Osteoclasts

destroys bone cells

epiphyseal plate

where the two bone building sites meet. When they are done you stop growing

Osteon

basic unit of bone

Central canal (Haversian)

Main blood canal in bone

Canaliculus canals

tiny canals radiating outward form the central canal to lacuna

Lamella

Solid matrix

Lacuna

place where bone cell resides

Perforating fibers (Sharpey's)

between periosteum and bone matrix

Perforating Canals (Volkmann's)

Canals that run perpendicular to the central canal

calcitonin

hormone that makes osteoblasts turn on and make bone.

parathryoide hormone

tells the osteoclasts to destroy bone

4 items that are needed for good bone growth

Calcium (in diet), vitamin D, Wolfs law (if you stress a bone...bone gets thicker), Hormones estrogen

Joint Structure

Fiberous, Cartilagenous, Synovial

Fiberous Joint type, function and location

Suture (skull), Syndesmosis (ankle), gomphosis (teeth). Welding bones with fiber.

Cartilagenous type, function and location

Fibrocartilage (symphysis), Hyaline (synchondrosis). Ribs and spine.

synovial type, function and location

Bones held together by fluid in a membrane with synovial fluid, shoulder, ball and socket

Joint movement

synarthrotic (no movement), Amphiarthrotic (some movement), Diarthrotic (lots of movement)

Joint movement and type of joints

Fibrous (synarthrotic), Cartilagenous (amphiathrotic), Synovial (Diarthrotic)

periosteum

membrane that covers all bones

endosteum

incomplete cellular layer that lives in the medullary

the rule of f's

Muscle>Bundles>cells>organelles>Chemicals or Filaments>>>> to Flesh>Fascicles>Fibers>Fibrils>Filaments

Connective tissue types around muscles

Epimysium>Flesh, Perimysium>Fascicles, Endomysium>Fibers

Sarcoplasm

cytoplasm for muscle cells

sarcolemma

cell membrane for muscle cells

transverse tubules

holes in the sarcolemma

sarcoplasmic reticulum

ER for the muscles

filament

myosin = thick, Actin=Thin

Contracting action on filaments

Thin/actin filaments are the ones moving, Thick are the ones pulling the thin/actin.

9 Steps to muscle contraction

1. AP 2. calcium released from sr 3. Calcium binds to troponin. 4. troponin rotates the tropomyosin exposes binding site on actin. 5. myosin grabs actin. myosin pulls actin. Atp resets myosin, calcium. Tropomysin covers binding sites

aerobic respiration characteristics

Glucose + Air (oxygen), lots of atp created, lasts for hours

anaerobic respiration characteristics

glucose makes 2 atp lasts for 15 seconds, byproduct is lactic acid

White Fiber (Muscle Cell) Characteristics

Large in diameter, more powerful and pull, low oxygen, anaerobic respiration, low endurance also called fast twitch

Red Fiber (Muscle Cell) Characteristics

Smaller in diameter, less power, lots of blood, air mitochondria, areobic with high endurance

The motor unit

When the nerve is talking to the muscle

Recruitment (Muscle)

When the nerve "taps" more muscles fibers to get more power...the brain is in charge of recruitment.

Summation (muscle)

When the nerve continues to fire...tells the muscle to keep going. "Keep" holding the pen

Glial Cell Types

Astrocyte, microglial, ependymal, schwann, oligondrendrocyte

Astrocyte

looks like a star, protects, feeds, loves

microglial

small, immunity role

ependymal

moves fluid along in the brain

schwann cell

makes myelin sheath

oligondrendrocyte

makes myelin sheath

neuron parts

cell body, axon, dendrite

Flow of neural message through neuron

in the dendrite and out the axon

Axon characteristics

the output in a neuron, the bigger the wire the faster the message gets sent

Myelin sheath

creates more insolation and that means that there is less leaking.

nerve sizes and locations

big fat nerves in the eyeballs, small and thin in the stomach

nerve process

1. Depolarization: sodium goes in through "sodium channel" by diffusion. 2. Repolarization: potassium goes out of axon by way of diffusion. 3. sodium potassium pumps sodium out and potassium in at 3:2 rate.

nerve firing trigger point

-55

nerve synapse

1. AP releases synapse. 2. calcium channels open. 3. calcium goes into presynaptic nerve. 4. vesicles are released into synapse. 5. NT released and bind to recepters on postsy 6. NT open the channels on postsy nerve. 7. reset by NT back to postsy

neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine (ach), Gaba, Glutamate, Epinephrine, Dopamine, Seratonine

ACH

excitory, Inhibitory, Location: muscles and guts

Gaba

Inhibitory. Location: Everywhere

Glutamate

Excitory: Everywhere

Epinephrine

excitory: everywhere

dopamine

excitory and inhibitory: brain and motor control