A and P 231 Final at Pcc

Question	Answer
Simply squamous epithelial	passage of materials by diffusion and filteration, secretes lube,
strattified squamous epithelial	thick membrane made of many layers, basement layers are cuboidal or collumnar (basale), surface cells are flat, When keartinized they have a layer of flat cells, protection from abrasion, non keratinized line the esophogus, mouth (remember chips).
Simple cuboidal epithelium	cube shaped, secretion and absorption, located in the Kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of glands
stratified cuboidal epithelium	2 layers (usually), job is protection, location glands (salivary, mammary, sweat)
Simple columnar epithelium	columns with nucleus towards "basement" or basale, Job is absorption, lines the intestinal track. Location in the guts or intestins.
stratified columnar epithelial	many of layers elongated cells with nucleus at the base. Job is protection and secretion. Small amounts in the male uretha (rare)
transitional epithelium	resembles cuboidal and columnar but is neither, stretches and twists enough to be used in the bladder with out tearing
psudeostratified columnar epthielium	has cillia to move stuff out of the trachea, not stratified, trachea and secretion
Areolar	gel matrix with 3 types fibers (fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells) Job: wraps and cushions. Location: widely distributed under the skin.
Adipose	Desc: Sparse matrix, mostly made up of fat cells, nucleus pushed to outer edge of cell by fat droplet. Job: reserve fuel, insulation against heat loss, cushions for organs. Location: under skin, around kidneys & eyeballs, abdomen, breasts
Reticular	Desc: Network of fibers (reticular) and reticular cells within the network. Job: fibers form a soft internal skeleton to support white blood cells, mast cells. Location: lymphoid organs
Dense Regular	Desc: Mostly parallel collagen fibers made of fibroblast cells. Job: attaches muscles to bone or to other muscles and withstands great stress. Location: tendons and ligaments.
Dense Irrigular	Desc: Mostly irregularly arranged collagen fibers, Fibroblast cells. Job: Able to stand tension exerted from many different directions. Location: dermis of skin, digestive tract, joints
Hyaline	Desc: Firm matrix (collagen fibers make an impenatrable matrix), cells live in a lacuna. (CATEYE). Job: supports and reinforces, cushions, resists compressive stress. Location: cartilage in ribs, nose, laraynx.
Elastic	Desc: close To hyaline but with more fibers. Job: maintains the shape of structure while allowing great flexibility. Location: ear
Fibrocartilage	Desc: Cat eye, less firm than hyaline with thick collagen fiber. Job: Tensile strength with ability to absorb shock. Location: discs of knee joints and intevertebral discs.
Bone	Desc: hard calcified matrix with collagen fibers. Job: support and protection, makes blood. Locations: bones
blood	Desc: red and white blood cells in plasma matrix. Job: transport respiritory gases, nutrients, waste, Location blood vessels
Nuerons	Desc: Nurons cells with branching cells processes. Job: transmit electrical signals from receptors to effectors, which control their activity. Location: brain spinal cord.
Skins 3 Layers	Epidermis (on top), Dermis (middle), Hypodermis (deepest)
Epidermis layers (deep to superficial)	Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum (thick skin only), corneum
Dermis Layers	Papillary (superficial) and Reticular (deeper)
Nerves of the Dermis	Meissner (light touch); Pacinian (deep touch); Free (pain)
Glands of dermis	sebacous, sweat (eccrine, apocrine) mammary, ceruminous (ear wax)
Sebacous Gland	Oily gland attached to hair, used to lube and move hair
Sweat glands	Eccrine: insensible perspiration. Apocrine: sensible (aware) perspiration, stinky sweat crotch and armpit.
bone parts	Epiphysis (ends of bone). Diaphysis (shaft), Medullary Cavity, Red (makes blood) and yellow(makes fat) marrow.
Osteoblast	builds bone cells
Osteoclasts	destroys bone cells
epiphyseal plate	where the two bone building sites meet. When they are done you stop growing
Osteon	basic unit of bone
Central canal (Haversian)	Main blood canal in bone
Canaliculus canals	tiny canals radiating outward form the central canal to lacuna
Lamella	Solid matrix
Lacuna	place where bone cell resides
Perforating fibers (Sharpey's)	between periosteum and bone matrix
Perforating Canals (Volkmann's)	Canals that run perpendicular to the central canal
calcitonin	hormone that makes osteoblasts turn on and make bone.
parathryoide hormone	tells the osteoclasts to destroy bone
4 items that are needed for good bone growth	Calcium (in diet), vitamin D, Wolfs law (if you stress a bone...bone gets thicker), Hormones estrogen
Joint Structure	Fiberous, Cartilagenous, Synovial
Fiberous Joint type, function and location	Suture (skull), Syndesmosis (ankle), gomphosis (teeth). Welding bones with fiber.
Cartilagenous type, function and location	Fibrocartilage (symphysis), Hyaline (synchondrosis). Ribs and spine.
synovial type, function and location	Bones held together by fluid in a membrane with synovial fluid, shoulder, ball and socket
Joint movement	synarthrotic (no movement), Amphiarthrotic (some movement), Diarthrotic (lots of movement)
Joint movement and type of joints	Fibrous (synarthrotic), Cartilagenous (amphiathrotic), Synovial (Diarthrotic)
periosteum	membrane that covers all bones
endosteum	incomplete cellular layer that lives in the medullary


















the rule of f's	Muscle>Bundles>cells>organelles>Chemicals or Filaments>>>> to Flesh>Fascicles>Fibers>Fibrils>Filaments
Connective tissue types around muscles	Epimysium>Flesh, Perimysium>Fascicles, Endomysium>Fibers
Sarcoplasm	cytoplasm for muscle cells
sarcolemma	cell membrane for muscle cells
transverse tubules	holes in the sarcolemma
sarcoplasmic reticulum	ER for the muscles
filament	myosin = thick, Actin=Thin
Contracting action on filaments	Thin/actin filaments are the ones moving, Thick are the ones pulling the thin/actin.
9 Steps to muscle contraction	1. AP 2. calcium released from sr 3. Calcium binds to troponin. 4. troponin rotates the tropomyosin exposes binding site on actin. 5. myosin grabs actin. myosin pulls actin. Atp resets myosin, calcium. Tropomysin covers binding sites
aerobic respiration characteristics	Glucose + Air (oxygen), lots of atp created, lasts for hours
anaerobic respiration characteristics	glucose makes 2 atp lasts for 15 seconds, byproduct is lactic acid
White Fiber (Muscle Cell) Characteristics	Large in diameter, more powerful and pull, low oxygen, anaerobic respiration, low endurance also called fast twitch
Red Fiber (Muscle Cell) Characteristics	Smaller in diameter, less power, lots of blood, air mitochondria, areobic with high endurance
The motor unit	When the nerve is talking to the muscle
Recruitment (Muscle)	When the nerve "taps" more muscles fibers to get more power...the brain is in charge of recruitment.
Summation (muscle)	When the nerve continues to fire...tells the muscle to keep going. "Keep" holding the pen
Glial Cell Types	Astrocyte, microglial, ependymal, schwann, oligondrendrocyte
Astrocyte	looks like a star, protects, feeds, loves
microglial	small, immunity role
ependymal	moves fluid along in the brain
schwann cell	makes myelin sheath
oligondrendrocyte	makes myelin sheath
neuron parts	cell body, axon, dendrite
Flow of neural message through neuron	in the dendrite and out the axon
Axon characteristics	the output in a neuron, the bigger the wire the faster the message gets sent
Myelin sheath	creates more insolation and that means that there is less leaking.
nerve sizes and locations	big fat nerves in the eyeballs, small and thin in the stomach
nerve process	1. Depolarization: sodium goes in through "sodium channel" by diffusion. 2. Repolarization: potassium goes out of axon by way of diffusion. 3. sodium potassium pumps sodium out and potassium in at 3:2 rate.
nerve firing trigger point	-55
nerve synapse	1. AP releases synapse. 2. calcium channels open. 3. calcium goes into presynaptic nerve. 4. vesicles are released into synapse. 5. NT released and bind to recepters on postsy 6. NT open the channels on postsy nerve. 7. reset by NT back to postsy
neurotransmitters	Acetylcholine (ach), Gaba, Glutamate, Epinephrine, Dopamine, Seratonine
ACH	excitory, Inhibitory, Location: muscles and guts
Gaba	Inhibitory. Location: Everywhere
Glutamate	Excitory: Everywhere
Epinephrine	excitory: everywhere
dopamine	excitory and inhibitory: brain and motor control
seratonine	excitory. contentment. satisfied feeling
Monosaccharide (simple sugar0	polysaccharide (complex carb)
Amino acids to...	Protiens (poly peptides)
fatty acids to...	fats or lipids
nucleotides to...	DNA, RNA, Nucleic acids
Hydrophillic	Dissolves in water or water loving
hydrophobic	does not dissolve in water (fats)

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