WWI terms
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| Great War | War in Europe from 1914-1918 known as WWI
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| Allied Powers | Russian Empire, France and Britain
(later joined by U.S., Japan, and Italy
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| Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary,
(later joined by Turkey, Bulgaria)
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| Marne River | River in Northeast France
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| U-Boat | Submarine used by Germans in warfare
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| Lusitania | British luxury liner torpedoed by a German U-Boat, killing about 2,000 people, 128 of them American
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| Zimmerman Telegram | Communicated from Germany to Mexico asking them to join the war on their side and promising them they would help Mexico re-seize Texas, New Mexico and Arizona
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| Conscription | A compulsory military draft
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| John J Pershing | U.S. General who headed the American Expeditionary Force
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| Trench Warfare | Common method of fighting in WWI, using trenches for cover
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| Bolsheviks | started communist revolution in Russia (post-WWI)
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| Doughboys | U.S. men in uniform
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| Treaty of Versailles | Treaty that ended WWI:
- Germany barred from participating, Germany had to pay huge expenses
- 27 countries involved
- "Big Four" = U.S., Britain, France, Italy
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| Treaty of Brest-Litobsk | Russian government surrendered sovereignty over central European territories
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| Battle of Verdun | Part of Meuse-Argonne campaign: 26,000 American lives lost
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| Battle of Marne | Sept. 5, 1914 - Sept. 12, 1914: 25,000 French casualties
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| Mustard Gas | Poison gas used by German Army in WWI
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| Marshal Ferdinand Foch | Owner of railway car where German and Allied reps. signed armistice on Nov. 11, 1918 to end the Great War
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| Armistice | A temporary cession of military hostilities
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| Eddie Rickenbacker | U.S. Pilot in France, fought in 134 air battles, national hero, former pro race car driver, helped popularize public airplane transportation
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| Stanford Binet | - Intelligence Test developed in WWI at Stanford University
- Army needed a way to sort soldiers by intelligence
- Benit developed an IQ test to categorize people
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| Franz Ferdinand | Archduke of Austria, was assassinated in Sarajevo. His murder was the final straw to spark war
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| 16th Amendment | 1913- permitted income taxes used for revenue during WWI
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| National War Labor Board | Formed in April 1918- improved working lives of laboring men and women
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| Espionage Act | 1917- imposed penalties for anti-war activities, banned materials from mail
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| Sedition Act | 1918- Act that focused on disloyal speech, writing and behavior that might promote enemies
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| National Self-Determination | Concept that nations have the right to be sovereign states with political and economical autonomy. Wilson wanted Austria-Hungary, Germany and Russia to commit to this.
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| 14 Points | President Wilson's plan for the basis of peace negotiations:
- open diplomacy
- absolute freedom of navigation in the seas
- arms reduction
- removal of trade barriers
- international commitment for national self-determination
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| League of Nations | International regulatory body that would mediate disputes among nations.
Though Wilson thought up the L of N, U.S. never joined because Congress didn't aprrove
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| General Strike | Strike action by critical mass of labor for in a city, region or country.
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