Nueral/Hormonal Control, Motility I and Motility II
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| The parasympathetic system usually has what effect on the GI system | stimulatory
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| The sympathetic system usually has what effect on the GI system | inhibitory
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| The enteric nervous system is also known as what | intrinsic
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| Name the layers if the duodenum from the lumen out | Lumen - mucosa - muscularis mucosa - submucosa - muscluaris externa - serosa
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| What is another name for the myenteric plexus | Auerbachs
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| What is another name for the Submucosal plexus | Meissners
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| Sympathetic usually enter the enteric nervous system via what type of fibers | Post-ganglionic
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| Parasympathetics enter the enteric nervous system via what type of fibers | Preganglionic
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| Which plexus, meissners or auerbachs deals more with movement | Auerbachs
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| Any fiber that leaves the enteric nervous systme is what type of fiber | postganglionic
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| What are the classic excitatory nuerotransmitters | ACh and Substance P
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| What are the classic inhibitory nuerotranmitters | VIP and NO
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| What is a long relfex | A reflex that travels back to the CNS on an afferent nerve fiber, and then back to the gut on an efferent nerve fiber
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| What is a short reflex | This is a reflex that takes place in the gut wall
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| What is a short relfex also known as | Intramural or local
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| What nerve are the afferent and efferent signals carried on | Vagus!!!!
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| Can post ganglionic sympathetic nerves fire directly on effector cells | YES
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| Do preganglionic parasympatheic nerves ever fire directly onto the effector cells | NO
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| What is the sole hormone released in the antrum of the stomach | Gastrin
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| What hormone is released all the way through the Duodenum and Jejunum and tappers off in the illeum | CCK
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| What two hormones are only released in the duodenum and jejunum | GIP and Motilin
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| Eating a meal will inhibit the action/release of what hormone | Motilin
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| Nerves, chemicals, distention and/or stretch will release which two hormores | Gastrin and Motilin
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| What is the most powerful releaser of CCK | FAT!
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| Protein releases which two hormones | Gastrin and CCK
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| Which hormone becomes inhibited by acid | Gastrin
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| Which hormone is stimulated by the release of acid | Secretin
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| The vagus fires ganglia which release ACh onto which 4 cell types | G-cells, ECL's, Chief Cells, and Parietal Cells
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| G-cells secrete Gastrin which stiulates which two cells | ECL and Parietal
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| Cheif cells release what | Pepsinogen
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| Pariental cells release what | Intrisic Factor (IF and H+)
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| What is zolinger elasin | the development of a gastric secreting tumor in the pancreas
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| Which hormone is relased cyclic every 90 min | motilin
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| CCK acts to contract which organ | Gall bladder
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| Secretin has a negative/inhibitory effect on which two cells | G-cells and Parietal cells
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| What does secretin trigger the release of | HCO3- (Bi-carb)
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| CCK causes the release of what | BILE from the gallbaldder and Bi-carb and pancreatic enzymes from the pancreas
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| Somatostatin does what | Stops all secretions!
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| GIP inhibtis which two cell types | G-cells and Parietal cells
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| What does GIP cause the release of | Insulin from the pancreas
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| Pancreatic Polypeptide cuases a decrease in the secretion of what | Pancreatic Bicarb and enzymes
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| Peptide YY does what | Decreases Gastric secretion and emptying
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| What peptide does the same thing as peptide YY but also causes insulin release | enterglucagon
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| Where are all the patterns for motility programmed | Enteric nervous system
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| Can the programmed patterns of motility be effected by nerves and hormones | YES
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| What is physiological ileus | The absence of motility along the intestine in which the quiescene of motor funtion neurally programmed
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| What would happen if you got a had a block of the enteric nervous system | Disorganized and nonpropulsive contractile behavior occuring CONTINUOUSLY!
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| Do inhibitory neurons need to be turned on or off in order for the circular muscle outside of the sphinters to contract | OFF
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| Lack of contraction is caused by the inhibitory neurons being active or inactive | active
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| What happens to protect the nasopharynx during swallowing | Soft palate moves close off opening
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| What needs to happen in order to seal off he trachea during swallowing | Upward movement of the glottis and downward movement of the epiglottis
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| Pressures in the body of the espohgus reflect what | intrathoracic or intrabdominal
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| Between swallows the pressures of what structures lie above atmospheric pressure | Upper esophogeal sphincter, lower esophogel sphincter
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| The pressure at the sphincters during a swallow goes up, down or stays the same | down
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| The pressure in the espohpgus during a swallow goes up, down or stays the same | up
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| Which esophogeal sphicter is associated with the myenteric plexus | Lower
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| What would ultimatley send an inhibitory signal to the lower esophogeal sphincter | Distention and/or vagus firing
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| Does the myenteric plexus exist in striated muscle | NO
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| In which region (upper or lower) of the esophogus do you have the vagus firing DIRECTLY onto muscle | Upper (lower uses myenteric)
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| What occurs in the stomach in order to move food toward the sphincter, but eventually overtakes the bolus and sends some of it back towards the orad portion | low amplitude waves (3-5/min)
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| What are the interstital cells of Cajal | pacemakers
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| Can slow waves cause contracion | YES, if a spike potential exist to make the wave big enough
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| Where do slow waves begin and end | mid stomch to the colon
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| What influences have an effect on the slow wave frequncey | tempurature and metabolic activity
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| what infuences have only MINIMAL effects on the slow waves, but can cause changes in the plateau | hormones and nerves
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| Would firing from the sympathetics cause an increase, decrease or have no effect on the slow waves | decrease
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| Is the MMC (migrating motor complex) a fed or fasted state occurance | fasted (2-3 hours post-meal)
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| ncreasing which three hormones will increase contractility | Gastrin, CCK, and motilin
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| What is the intestino-intestinal relfex | If a area of the bowel is really distended, conractal activity of the rest of the bowel is inhibited
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| Illieal distention will have what effect on the ileo-colic sphincter | relaxation
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| Colic distention will cause what effect on the ileo-colic sphincter | contraction
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| Relaxation of what structure allows for recpetors to be able to tell the nature of the contents in the the canal | internal anal sphincter
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| Increase in food amount will cause an increased or decrease response at the internal and external anal sphincters | increase
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