Estuary Ecology
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| estuary | the areas of water and shoreline where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean
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| Salt-Wedge Estuaries | when the mouth of a river flows directly into salt water (Mississippi, Columbia and Hudson rivers)
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| Fjord | characterized by a deep elongated basin that is U-shaped and a ledge or barrier that separates the basin from the sea. Found along glaciated coasts--Alaska, Norway
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| Slightly Stratified or Partially Mixed Estuary | have a tidal flow that provides a means of erasing the salt wedge--Puget Sound, San Francisco Bay
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| Vertically Stratified or Well Mixed Estuaries | have strong tidal mixing and low river flow that mix the sea water throughout the shallow estuary--Delaware Bay
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| Freshwater Estuaries | occur where massive freshwater systems, as the Great Lakes, are diluted by river or stream waters draining from adjacent lands
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| Common Estuarine Habitats | oyster reefs
kelp forests
rocky and soft shorelines
submerged aquatic vegetation
coastal marshes
mangroves forests
mud flats
tidal streams
barrier beaches
salt marshes
deepwater swamps and riverine forests
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| Salt pannes and pools | water retaining depressions located within salt and brackish marshes
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| Invasive species | species that do not naturally live in an estuary, but were introduced, often accidentally, by humans
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| Kelp Forests | occur in cold, nutrient-rich water of shallow open coastal waters
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| Rocky Shorelines and Bottoms | have hard surfaces made of stones, boulders and bedrock
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| Soft Shores and Bottoms | low-lying sand beaches, muddy shores and mudflats made of sediments that have mixed with detritus (think of muck or ooze)
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| Submerged Aquatic Vegetation | also called SAV, are beds of leafy rooted, grass-like plants with tiny flowers, found in shallow waters where light can penetrate
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| Coastal Marshes | composed of upright plants that live above the water surface, often with their roots submerged
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| Mangroves | trees that can survive in very salty areas
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| Deepwater Swamps and Riverine Forests | flooded, forested wetlands growing near edges of lakes, rivers and sluggish streams
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| Mud Flats and Sand Flats | part of benthic (bottom) zone exposed at low tide and comprised of extremely fine sediments
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| Tidal Streams | highly productive transitional areas between the freshwater of rivers and the salt water of bays
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| Barrier Beaches | spits of sand that form parallel to the shore
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| Salt Marshes | wetland flooded regularly by tidal, brackish water
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Created by:
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