Chemistry Carbohydrate Metabolism worksheet MA Fall 2014
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| Define glycogen | polysaccharide- storage form of glucose
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| Define glycogenesis | formation of glycogen from glucose
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| Define glycolisis | glucose changed to give energy
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| Define gluconeogenesis | formation of new glucose from fat or protein
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| Where is glycogen made and stored? | made in the liver; stored in liver and muscle
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| What does the liver do in regards to glucose? | Adds glucose to the blood. the activity of the liver is controlled by several hormones
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| Where is insulin made? | in beta cells of Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
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| What does insulin do? | stimulates transport of glucose through the cell membrane. must be present for glucose to enter cells. controlled by the glucose concentration of the blood flowing through the pancreas.
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| How does insulin affect the blood glucose level? | lowers it
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| Where is glucagon made? | made in the alpha cells of pancreas
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| What does glucagon do? | stimulate glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen into glucose)
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| How does glucagon affect the blood glucose level? | raises blood glucose level
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| Where are ketone bodies made? | in the liver
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| What are ketone bodies made from? | excess fatty acids are partially metabolized into ketone bodies (waste product)
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| Ketone bodies are 98%... | acid
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| Define ketonuria | ketone bodies in the urine
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| Define ketonemia | ketone bodies in the blood
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| Define ketoacidosis | blood pH less than 7.35 due to ketone bodies (blood pH is too acid)
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| Define hyperglycemia | high blood glucose
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| Define hypoglycemia | low blood glucose
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| Define glucosuria/glycosuria | glucose in the urine
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| renal threshold | blood level above which glucose spills into the urine (maximum absorptive capacity is 160-180mg/dL)
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| IDDM diabetes is also known as | Type I/ juvenile 5-10% OF DIABETICS
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| IDDM age of onset: | any age, more common in youth (less than 20)
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| What is IDDM? | insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
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| IDDM - type of onset: | acute or abrupt
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| IDDM symptoms: | weight loss, polyuria (increased urine), polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia (increased hunger)
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| IDDM Endogenous insulin | none (pancreas not making insulin)
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| IDDM -Causes: | genetic susceptibility, autoimmune, destruction of beta cells
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| NIDDM- Also known as: | Type II, adult onset (90 - 95%)
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| NIDDM Age of onset: | any age, more common in adults, uaully over 30
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| NIDDM - Tpye of onset: | gradual
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| NIDDM- Symptoms: | sometimes none
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| NIDDM- Endogenous insulin: | Some (pancreas is making some)
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| NIDDM- Oral agents used: | 1/3 of the time, 1/3 diet + exercise, 1/3 need insulin injections
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| NIDDM- Cause: | genetic- betea cell exhaustion, target cell resistance, 80% overweight, other 20% greater than ideal bodyweight
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| What is diabetes type determined by? | What is CAUSING the diabetes
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| Which type of diabetes has a tendency to get ketoacidosis and is difficult to control? | Type I
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| Which type of diabetes may be controlled by diet alone? | Type II
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| What do diabetics in poor control metabolize instead of glucose? | fatty acids/ lipids/ triglycerides
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| What is retinopathy? | sclerosis of the tiny blood vessels in the eye specifically in the retina, harden and weak and can cause blindness, retinal detachment
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| what does some complications of diabetes | atherosclerosis- lipid deposits within artery walls
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| in diabetic coma the insulin level is | low
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| in a diabetic coma the blood glucose level is | hiGh
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| in a diabetic coma the urine glucose is | high
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| in a diabetic coma onset is: | Hours to a day
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| in a diabetic coma symptoms are | deep breathing/acidosis, dry/dehydration, fruity breathdue to ketones, drowsy and lethargic, coma
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| treat a diabetic coma with | insulin
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| in insulin shock the insulin level is | too high, not enough food/excess exercise/ alcohol lowers blood sugar
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| during insulin shock the blood glucose level is | too low
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| during insulin shock the urine glucose level is | Negative
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| during insulin shock the onset is | sudden within minutes
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| during insulin shock the symptoms are: | shallow breathing, perspiration, rapid heart action, breath odor is normal, lightheaded, I feel faint, may act intoxicated, coma - same as diabetic coma symptoms
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| during insulin shock treat the patient with | 15 grams of readily available carbohydrate such as small boxes of raisins, 7-8 life savers, half a cup of OJ, half a cup of soda, NOT a candy bar the protein slows absorption of sugar into bloodstream
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| what are symptoms of hypoglycemia? | blood sugar less than 45 to 60 milligrams per deciliter
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| what is a fasting blood glucose sample? | 8 to 12 hours no food or beverages other than water
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| what does OGTT stand for? | oral glucose tolerance test
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| what samples are taken for the OGTT? | fasting blood sugar 1, 2, 3 hours after drinking glucola
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| why would the physician order and OG TT for a patient? | If they think the patient is diabetic they have a high fasting glucose sample or glucose in the urine, if it runs in the family, pregnant women 24 to 28 weeks
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| what samples are taken for the OGTTis hypoglycemia is suspected | 4 & 5 hours
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| give the renal threshold given the renal threshold and a patient's blood glucose level how would you determine if glucose will be in the urine | by the blood glucose level
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| what is the normal result for 2 hour postprandial glucose test? | Less than 140 milligrams per deciliter
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| what does the HB - A1c test measure? | Hemoglobin A combined with glucose (HgbA1)
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| what is the advantage of the HBA 1c glycosylated hemoglobin test? | Reflects blood glucose over a three month period. normal 4-%6. this is for blood sugar concentration, Not hemoglobin!
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